Kliment Kvitka and the Folk Violin in the Early Field Research at the Moscow Conservatory

Military actions on the Eastern front of the Great War were restarted on February 18th, 1918, but were not finished with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk signment. By middle ofMay, the zone of the First German occupation was expanded also to a number of territories recognized by the Central Powers as belonging to Soviet Russia. After a series of battles in April some areas of the modern Bryansk region were set under the German occupation for the next few months. This period in the history of the region has clearly received insufficient attention from researchers. The favourable geographical location and the access to an important railway infrastructure caused that the Bryansk Region had a crucial importance for German attempts to stabilize the occupation regime in Ukraine. Steady and often illegal flows of migration and smuggling have begun to develop. Extremely important for the occupiers were also different raw resources and food supply. That led to increased exploitation by German troops and hence the growth of the insurgency. Despite the extremely difficult military situation of Soviet Russia in summer 1918 and the risk of untimely provocation on the demarcation line, activities by the troops of the Western curtain of the Red Army near the Bryansk increased gradually. By the mid-autumn of 1918, the Bryansk Region had acquired the significance of a springboard for future military operations for all parties claiming control of both Belarus and Ukraine. In the specific military-political situation after the Compiegne armistice, control of the region's railways played a key role both in the Red Army's offensive in Ukraine in the winter of 1918—1919 and in the relatively successful evacuation of the German occupation forces from army group “Kiev” and the 10th army.

Even for the most promising young composer, steering one's career in the direction of success may be likened to walking through a minefield: one false step can bring the promise of obscurity. Cast this quandary against a backdrop of social and political upheaval and the chances of oblivion are greatly multiplied. Indignities of time and place can go a long way toward quelling a composer's voice, no matter how unique. Despite such affronts, the music of Thomas Alexandrovich de Hartmann (1885-1956) has endured. The de Hartmann papers in the Yale University Music Library reflect a life of early successes followed by constant struggle in the wake of two World Wars and the Russian Revolution. Born in the Ukraine to a family of Russian aristocrats, de Hartmann showed an inspired ability for music by improvising melodies at the piano before the age of five. At age nine, following the death of his father and in keeping with family tradition, de Hartmann was sent to the military academy in St. Petersburg. There he found a sympathetic supporter in the director of the academy, who recognized the unusual musical talent of the young de Hartmann and allowed him to pursue informal musical studies alongside his military training. In 1897, at the age of eleven, de Hartmann began his formal training in music as a composition student of Anton Arensky, renowned former professor of composition at the Moscow Conservatory and then current director of the Imperial Chapel in St. Petersburg. After Arensky's death, de Hartmann studied counterpoint with Sergei Taneev, whose previous students had included Alexander Scriabin, Sergei Rachmaninoff, and Reinhold Gliere. De Hartmann later entered the St. Petersburg Imperial Conservatory, then under the directorship of Nicolai Rimsky-Korsakoff, where he studied piano with Anna Esipova-Leschetizky. He received his artist's diploma in 1904.

Currently, Russia is involved in an armed conflict (conducting a special military operation in Ukraine and, within its framework, a counter-terrorism operation in Kursk, Belgorod and Bryansk regions, where an appropriate legal regime was introduced), which creates problems associated with the arrival of captured combatants. Modern military operations are fueling the public interest in retrospective coverage, in the context of comparative analysis, of the issue of the material and living situation of war prisoners during the World War I on a strictly documentary basis, without opportunistic political considerations and excessive ideologization, since this area of research remains not fully understood. Consideration of this problem is relevant because it makes it possible to identify such aspects of military captivity as peculiarities of everyday life of war prisoners, their relationships with the local population, and this helps to understand the deeper aspects of the war. In addition, coverage of the issue of material maintenance, heating, development and implementation of food standards for war prisoners, and compliance with sanitary control standards during the World War I gives the opportunity to talk about military captivity as a multifaceted and important problem that requires careful study at various levels to understand the processes taking place in the country at that time. The purpose of the study is to study the organization by local authorities of the social and living conditions for German and Austro–Hungarian war prisoners during the First World War in the territory of Tsivilsky, Cheboksarsky and Yadrinsky uyezds of Kazan governorate, which are currently administratively included in the Republic of Chuvashia. Materials and methods. A retrospective analysis of the topic’s historical aspects was carried out on the basis of unpublished archival documents of the State Historical Archive of the Chuvash Republic, the State Archive of Ulyanovsk region and scientific publications of Russian researchers devoted to the topic under study. In developing the problem, general historical methods of analysis and generalization and special historical methods (historical-comparative, structural-functional, problem-chronological) were used. Results. Due to the deployment of German and Austro-Hungarian prisoners on the territory of Tsivilsky, Cheboksarsky and Yadrinsky districts of Kazan governorate during the World War I, regional public, military and administrative structures faced the problem of coordinating and executing the decisions of the center on organization of social and living conditions for war prisoners. Using specific examples, the issues of material maintenance, heating, development and implementation of food and household allowances for war prisoners, and compliance with sanitary control standards in relation to them are considered. To provide war prisoners with uniforms, the authorities of Kazan governorate created workshops for sewing clothes and repairing shoes, and purchased used boots. In order to administratively regulate the issue of cooking, heating and lighting of buildings, a standard for the consumption of firewood fuel was introduced. To prevent infectious diseases, military commanders introduced sanitary and hygienic rules for prisoners. The article presents facts indicating a significant deterioration in the material and living conditions of captured combatants due to prolongation of the war. This expressed in a decrease in the level and quality of household, food and medical care. Conclusions. During the World War I, on the territory of Tsivilsky, Cheboksarsky and Yadrinsky districts of Kazan governorate, local authorities implemented within the legislative framework with varying degrees of success, measures to organize social and living conditions for the detention and food supply of German and Austro-Hungarian war prisoners. As the war dragged on, the basic diet and the material and living conditions of the lower-ranking prisoners at the disposal of the military and civilian authorities changed for the worse, and the rules for the detention of captured officers became more rigorous. The results obtained eliminate gaps in the regional history of military captivity during the World War I and can be used to summarize information and systematize knowledge on the history of the first World conflict at the regional level.

The article provides an overview of the anniversary events that were dedicated to Russia’s most significant celebration — the 80th anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War. The works by D. D. Shostakovich that are not widely known today, were performed, including the unfinished opera The Big Lightning based on a libretto by N. N. Aseev; a suite from the music for the film Five Days — Five Nights; The Second Piano Concerto; and The Solemn Overture, which has long won the hearts of listeners. Shostakovich’s operatic brainchild is considered in the context of his musical theatre, of which two works — The Players by Gogol and The Big Lightning — remained unfinished. Shostakovich dedicated his Second Piano Concerto to his son Maxim upon his admission to the piano faculty at the Moscow Conservatory. It is pointed out that film music, including Five Days — Five Nights, became one of the composer’s leading fields, enriched by his experience of direct dubbing of silent films in his youth.

The article discusses the research issues conducted in the field of music education in Azerbaijan in the early twentieth century. The article also looks at the process of collecting and transmitting the oral folk heritage of Azerbaijan to future generations and examines the purposeful work carried out in this area. In addition, the article provides information about prominent Azerbaijani educators in the field of writing and studying samples of national folklore, based on archival materials, highlights several relevant sources in this regard. The article emphasizes the peculiarities of the folklore environment of Baku and Sheki, where oriental concerts are held. The purpose of the research is to determine the features of the collection and recording of Azerbaijani folklore samples. The article emphasizes the work of the Research Music Room, which is important in the field of education. The study of national and cultural values of the Azerbaijani people in modern times and the solution of the problems of spiritual heritage protection are the basis of the research as a working principle of the research music room. The research methodology is based on music-analytical and historical analysis. It was noted that the research music room has established its activities in the field of collection and study of folklore within the requirements of modern times. At the same time, the methodological basis of the article is based on the scientific-theoretical principles and research practices of Azerbaijani and foreign musicologists in the study of musical folklore, comparison of oral folk-art examples, recording of folk music samples. The scientific novelty of the research is that for the first time, the activity features of the scientific room within the framework of Azerbaijani music were examined, and the working principles were studied in detail. At the same time, based on the research, the article presents a scientifically substantiated study of the features of the process of collecting and studying musical folklore in the early twentieth century, the oral folklore recording. Conclusions. The presented article allows us to cover the activity of the Research Room of Music established at the Azerbaijan State Conservatory in 1932, in particular, to get important results in the study of Azerbaijani folklore. The article analyzes the continuation of the educational movement in Azerbaijan, in particular, the popularization and use of oral folklore, using articles, transcripts and speeches of meetings periodically published in the press. It is noted that the processes of globalization taking place in the world today emphasize the value system of traditional heritage. This is especially important in the field of humanities in terms of studying the history and folklore of Azerbaijani music culture up to modern times. The problems of writing and studying Azerbaijani music folklore were raised by national educators. From this point of view, it is especially important to systematically publish materials on the study of oral folk art in periodicals. It was noted that the educators paid special attention to the educational significance of oral folk art. In this sense, the research draws attention to Hasan bey Zardabi’s research on folk art, especially its educational function. From this point of view, it is very important to emphasize that the first researches on oral folklore carried out by Azerbaijani enlighteners allowed national folklore to enter the world folk art system. Such issues as identifying the uniqueness of the collection of oral folk art, studying music folklore as a whole, comparing examples of oral music, determining the regularities and harmonization of folk music from the activities of the Research Room of Music, and assessing the protection of spiritual heritage were noted. At present, the research music room continues to play an important role in the study of music folklore and generalizes the study of music science at a certain stage in the history of Azerbaijan.

Utilizing Conversation Analysis, this study examined classroom interactions to identify strategies secondary school teachers used to elicit EFL learners’ talk in four micro-pedagogical contexts. How strategies were used, and the challenges teachers faced were also explored. Four Thai teachers of English participated in the study, and approximately 7 hours of video and audio recordings were transcribed and analyzed alongside semi-structured teacher interviews. Overall, the most prevalent strategy used to elicit talk by the four teachers was display questioning, followed by some form of scaffolding strategy, and referential questioning. From classroom observations, the teachers’ consistent use of a variety of strategies apparently promoted learners’ active participation. Challenges included learners’ failure to respond, preference for passivity, lack of active verbal participation, selective answering, and shouted competing responses. It is suggested that L2 learning can be enhanced if teachers are aware of areas which may impede or promote L2 interactional opportunities in the classroom.

Zhu Jian’er’s life creativity: the historiography of the composer’s personality

Остров пародии в океане заговорного жанра

Shi, Die was a famous yi-dan as well as a nan-guan singer in Lu-gang, Taiwan during the period of Japanese rule. She joined Ya-Zheng-Zhai, a nan-guan musical club, after World War II. She was invited to record several nan-guan albums both in Japanese rule and post World War II. This paper analyzes the singing technique of Shi, Die based on her two audio recording, ”Hua-Po-Duan” and ”Dao-Xing, collected on the albums. In the ”Hua-Po-Duan”, which was recorded in Japanese rule, we found that the use of ornamentation was different from other nan-guan singers, the enunciation was kind of clear, the dynamic shading is not too frequent, and the voice imitated the male style. In the ”Dao-Xing”, which was recorded in post World War II, we found that beside the use of ornamentation reflected certain patterns, enunciation, dynamic shading, and voice style were the same as the nan-guan singers of the present time.From the analysis, we summarize the following nan-guan culture phenomena. First, the variation of Shi, Die singing technique before and after World War II reflects the culture and the singing style of different musical groups that she participated. Second, the concept of using the ornamentation of E-Yun-Zhai is not the same as the comtemporary nan-guan singers. Third, the melody of the ”Dao-Xing” recording matches with the Liu's manuscript and the melody of ”Hua-Po-Duan” does not match with the Zhang's manuscript. Fourth, playing style of accompany instruments from E-Yun-Zhai and Ya-Zheng-Zhai are different Last, the mutual cultural interaction between yi-dan and nan-guan musicians influence the variation of the nan-guan singing technique of Shi, Die in different period.

At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries folklorists used to believe that folklore can be a historical source. But soon this belief was refuted, and any attempts to correlate folklore and reality began to look unscientific and even ridiculous for many years. Folklore texts began to be spoken of as stable structures in which the narrative pattern dominates the details. However, the corpus of folklore texts about recent historical events, such as the Great Patriotic War and the Holocaust, is still being formed in our time. Based on interviews dedicated to the memory of the occupation and collected during expeditions to Rostov-on-Don, the Bryansk region and the North Caucasus, we described two mechanisms by which the narrative of real events turns into quasi-historical folklore narratives. The first folklorization mechanism is adding specific details to evoke strong emotions in the listener and force him to pass the text on. The second mechanism that distinguishes the evidence from the quasi-historical folklore narrative is the “moral” message contained in the text. In such stories, the perpetrators always are punished, and the people who have acted right are rewarded.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to consider the history and dark tourism attractions associated with a case study of the Thai-Burma Railway in the city of Kanchanaburi, Thailand. The paper considers how history has been abridged and distorted at a number of attraction sites in order to exploit the dark tourism commercial potential. The role of film media is considered as a critical element of the site narrative and the reality of the tragic past of this place is discussed within the context of Thailand’s role in the Second World War. Kanchanaburi, through the urban attractions that constitute the primary motivations for visitation, distorts and exploits its dark history for commercial and ideological purposes. Where accurate the Second World War interpretation was identified, it was maintained by balancing the requirements of national governments and institutions with acceptable levels of ambiguity and non-controversial perspectives on this urban location’s dark past.Design/methodology/approachThe paper draws on literature, historical documents and tourism publications related to the Second World War and the incarceration and forced labour associated with the Thai-Burma Railway and the city of Kanchanaburi. Fieldwork incorporating tourist attraction and commemorative site visitation was undertaken in Northern Thailand in January 2017. Curators, managers, operators and tourist authorities were contacted in advance of the fieldwork by e-mail to request interviews. The sites identified were the primary sites visited by tourists, and no related Second World War site in the area was excluded. For those interviewed in relation to the subject area, a standard questionnaire based on a rolling database, relevant to particular sites was utilised. Interviews were taped and transcribed.FindingsThe city of Kanchanaburi is defined by a heritage that has changed over time. Many factors imbue the meanings and content of place. This is a function of a plethora of competing Influences and agendas; political, economic, cultural, demographic and historical. Yet, this destination is defined by the dark history of the Second World War which is associated with this place. The visitor attraction sites considered in Kanchanaburi provide multiple narratives around the Second World War events. They offer a range of content driven by influences as diverse as simple commercial gain to the complex interaction of political, economic and ideological agendas (cf. Gegner, 2012). In each case, the interpretation is used to articulate heritage through objects, artefacts, audio recording, place or imagery. These elements exist in environment(s) of their creation; the Second World War heritage of Kanchanaburi is developed in a nation that has only a partial and selective acceptance of its role in this conflict. The visitor attractions examined in this research and their content have all re-constructed and re-represented the past. Historical memorialization remains embedded in interests that are global, commercial, ideological but rarely neutral. The interpretation of the Thai-Burma Railway and the narrative of the many victims is associated with the construction merit respect, commemoration and consideration that is value free and not distorted by ideology or commercial imperatives.Practical implicationsThis paper provides a foundation for further consideration of how such contested dark heritage is viewed not least by visitors and users. Development of research in this area would provide a valuable source of data on: consumer profiles, motivations and orientation. Relating this data to nationality and origin would provide useful comparative data to that offered by operators and managers of key attractions. Furthermore, the prevalence of social and digital media as primary tourist information source could be measured against the continued (and possibly declining) importance of the filmic narrative. Furthermore, deeper evaluation of nature and content of interpretation is merited, given the range of approaches and content observed. At a political and policy level, the treatment of this part of Thai history and the degree of sensitivity around interpretation is linked to how a nation confronts its difficult past. More thorough evaluation of treatment in national media and education curriculum also merits review. Urban heritage is an important element of urban destination marketing and evaluation based around core themes of transparency, openness, respect for the past, and sensitive treatment of tragic events offer direction for application and evaluation in other urban contexts.Originality/valueThis is the first time the heritage of this city has been considered in the context of dark tourism and the role of Thailand in the Second World War. It incorporates an analysis of all of the relevant attractions in the city and provides through the fieldwork conducted an original contribution to the tourism literature in this field. It draws on historical record, original documentation, interview analysis and tourism data. It provides further evidence of the dark tourism phenomena in a South East Asian context linked to a conflicted and selective appraisal of the past.

Inji Efflatoun

"The article analyzes folk winter holidays celebrated in December before Christmas as the greatest holiday of all Christians. There is a combination of folk (pre-Christian) traditions with Christian traditions, which co-exist to this day. The holidays analyzed in the research are dedicated to the most common names of saints in Western Podillya (as well as in Ukraine as a whole), which are most often given to the local residents. Dmytro’s/St. Demetrios Day celebration, in addition to its Christian custom, characterized by church services in memory of martyrs and honoring birthday people, is also known by the traditions related to celebrating the land in winter period, protecting cattle, as well as the cult of deceased ancestors. Celebrations of Dmytro’s/St. Demetrios holiday are proceeded by the celebration of Michael’s Day, which symbolizes the arrival of winter. In Western Podillya St. Michael is known as a protector against evil forces. He is also perceived by the locals as the patron saint of wild forest animals and hunters. Until the middle of the 20th century St. Catherine’s Day celebration in Western Podillya followed the rituals reflecting pre-Christian beliefs. Among them are rites of “destiny calling”, fortune telling and divination (considering the destiny of a future marriage couple), as well as honoring the cult of ancestors. During Varvara/St. Barbara celebration the most evident are magical actions associated with fire and water as the main elements in the world creation and symbols of the Nativity of Jesus Christ in the Christian tradition. Such lunar symbols as dumplings and pies are important for the understanding of celebration rituals. Most ritual actions convey love courtships related to the choice of a future marriage partner. St. Anna’s holiday completes the cycle of holidays related to Christmas celebrations. It marks the beginning of Christmas preparations: women clean houses, men arrange farm buildings and property, provide food for festive meals, girls organize groups for singing carols and other traditional customs of Christmas holidays celebration. Keywords: Western Podillya, Christian religion, ceremonial action, divination, folk holiday. "

236 Antiphon 16.3 (2012) greater depth to the author’s own voice. A more complete exposition of Sacrosanctum Concilium and its ongoing interpretation would also add authority to the volume’s arguments. The bibliography is narrow and indicates the book’s overall range of sources. These limitations, however, speak more to its audience than its thoughtful content. This book would be a welcome supplement to larger catechetical efforts in a parish, campus ministry, or small faith-sharing setting. The volume’s reflection questions promote discussion of its treatment of the prayers of the people, and making it ideal for group study. Shawn Colberg Saint John’s University Collegeville, Minnesota Jeffrey Pinyan Praying the Mass, Vol. II: The Prayers of the Priest Charleston SC: Jeffrey Pinyan, 2011 iii+239 pp. Paperback $16.00 Treatments of the full, active, and conscious participation of the laity at Mass often focus on the specific roles played by faithful participating in the liturgy. This emphasis can have the unintended consequence of suggesting that the roles played by others, most especially the celebrant , are not worthy of the same attention and study for the laity. Jeffrey Pinyan’s self-published work provides some balance on what it means to “pray the Mass” by unpacking the liturgical action of the celebrant at Mass. This second volume, “The Prayers of the Priest,” follows a first volume that focused on “The Prayers of the People.” Paired with the first, this second volume allows readers to progress more deeply into the fullness of the Divine Liturgy and the mysterium that it conveys by giving useful commentary on the verbal and nonverbal actions of the priest at Mass. The book’s introduction provides a useful orientation to what it means to belong to a “priesthood,” and to the role played by the ordained minister at Mass. It notes that an awareness of these prayers is integral to full participation in the Mass because the priest offers his prayers “‘in the name of the entire holy people and of all present’ (SC 33), so that the whole congregation can pray the Mass with the priest” (4). This sense that the entire people can pray with the celebrant through a proper disposition towards the priest’s prayers offers new ground for formation and catechesis concerning the Mass. Pinyan’s book takes the introduction of the new English translation of the Missale Romanum as an occasion to familiarize readers with 237 Book Reviews the changes they may hear in the priest’s prayers, and form readers through the practice of liturgical catechesis. Pinyan anchors this latter task of catechesis in the ancient practice of mystagogy, which he divides into the work of, first,”interpreting” the liturgical rites in light of salvation history, secondly, “explaining” the signs and symbols used in the rites, and, thirdly, “relating” the rites to all dimensions of Christian life (15). The author carries this tripartite exercise into each of the book’s eight chapters. For example, each chapter culminates in a set of reflection questions arranged into these three categories. The first two chapters, “Preparing for Prayer” and “Ceremonial Actions ,” address specific topics that precede the Mass itself, such as vesting. The remaining six chapters follow the Introductory Rites, Liturgy of the Word, Offertory Prayers, Eucharistic Prayer, Communion Rite, and Concluding Rites, respectively. Throughout these chapters, the volume helpfully provides the texts for all the prayers said by the celebrant in the Ordinary Form of the Mass, including the Latin text for comparison to the English translation. Also helpful are regular scriptural references to both the prayers and the larger liturgical significance behind the prayers. Frequent and apt excurses follow particular prayers, gestures, or other liturgical action in a given chapter. For example, in Chapter Three, Pinyan offers an extended treatment of the ways in which Jesus may be appropriately thought of as an “altar.” These explanations illumine the reason behind the priest’s approach and reverencing of the altar in the opening procession . In these ways, Praying the Mass offers helpful points for reflection as it proceeds through the liturgy’s rites. This book’s strengths lay in its thorough attention to the words of the priest’s...

The article focuses on the Holocaust memory activists in today’s Russia. The article is based on 20 interviews with the Holocaust memory activists con ducted in the former Nazi-occupied territories (North Caucasus, Kalmykia, Bryansk and Pskov regions) in 2020–2023. Despite the growing interest of mem ory studies to the topic of memorial activism, memory activists themselves – their motives, their social and biographical characteristics – have not yet become the object of special studies. Russian Holocaust remembrance activists do not belong to the same ethnic group or share common political views. The only characteristic that unites many activists is their “separateness” from a local com munity: despite different social and ethnic backgrounds, many activists are “strangers” to a local community in one way or another. This “separateness” is related to both the nature of local activism as such and the status of the Holocaust in the Soviet-Russian memory culture. There, maintaining the memory of the Holocaust’s victims does not seem the most natural activity. Often the trigger for activism is an encounter with a different, “cosmopolitan” memo ry culture, in which the Holocaust is regarded as one of the most important events of the Second World War with moral imperative to remember the Holocaust’s victims. The article also highlights and analyzes the activism’s ex plicit and implicit motives.