Klaas Van Walraven. The Yearning for Relief: A History of the Sawaba Movement in Niger. Leiden: Brill, 2013. vii + 968 pp. Photographs. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $136.00. Paper.

Abstract

HISTORY Klaas Van Walraven. The Yearning for Relief: A History of the Sawaba Movement in Niger. Leiden: Brill, 2013. vii + 968 pp. Photographs. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $136.00. Paper.In much of 1958, the Nigerien nationalist movement popularly known as Sawaba appeared poised to join its Guinean counterpart in opposition to the emergent French Fifth Republic. In France, the institution of the Fifth Republic was to become the final sanction for Charles de Gaulle's return to power, while in the empire the new republican constitution promised a reconfigured metropolitan-colonial relationship marked by the benign term communaute. The so-called French Community was to be an alternative to territorial independence via a constitutional declaration of the shared historical and cultural bond linking France with its colonies. In the referendum to approve the constitution, only Guinea voted no, with all of its other neighboring colonies approving the measure by wide majorities. Klaas van Walraven's The Yearning for Relief seeks to understand why and how Niger, with a radical socialist and anticolonial movement on a par with that of its Guinean neighbors, did not join its western counterparts. In doing so, van Walraven also details the ramifications of the referendum for Sawaba and Nigerien nationalist politics, presenting the vote as setting the stage for the political upheaval that characterized much of Niger's first decade of self-rule.The Yearning for Relief contains three parts, comprising a total of fourteen chapters followed by an epilogue. The first chapters detail the formation of Sawaba, with afocus on the party's leaders and its rise to revolutionary supremacy in Niger in the 1950s. Unlike other parties in Niger, Sawaba, as van Walraven regularly reminds readers, was a national party, uniting diverse regions of the country behind the program of nationalist mass mobilization. In this context van Walraven presents what is perhaps his most forceful critique of Nigerien historiography as he seeks a holistic approach for understanding the country's midcentury politics. As the only mass party with a national reach, Sawaba had no choice but to adapt to a diverse array of political and cultural mores in order to thrive in the vast, sparsely populated Saharan country. To do so, as the book's first two chapters illustrate, Sawaba relied on popular religious and cultural imagery (i.e., the Prophet Muhammad and the camel); groups of women, workers, and youth; and the establishment of transnational connections with other dissident political groups in French West Africa and beyond. As a result, by the mid-1950s no other political party in Niger was able to compete on as wide and diverse a stage as Sawaba, culminating in the party's formation of Niger's first Africanled government in 1957. …