Abstract
A MERICAN scholars have a tendency to place Hemingway exclusively in his native literary tradition, to see him a follower of Twain, James, Crane, Lardner, Anderson, Stein or Pound.1 Hemingway also has been repeatedly characterized a spokesman for the Lost Generation, as a rebel against those standards of conduct which generations before World War I appeared to accept adequate and perfectly satisfactory.2 But Hemingway's lifelong admiration for Kipling, whom he continued to praise long after it became fashionable to disparage the older writer, suggests an important English influence on his technique, tone, themes and code of honor.3 Hemingway's close friend Bill Smith, whom he first met a boy in Michigan, recalled: We tended to buy the English gents' code of gallantry revealed in fiction. . . . It was the kind of thing we read in those days.4 Kipling's works connect Hemingway, who was proud of his English heritage, to the traditional moral and military values of the Victorian age. On Armistice Day in Milan, 3 November I9I8, Hemingway,
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