Abstract
This work evaluated the clinical and therapeutic aspects as well as serum levels of venom and antivenom IgG by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in experimental envenomation of dogs with Crotalus durissus terrificus venom. Twenty-eight mixed breed adult dogs were divided into four groups of seven animals each, Group I: only venom; Group II, venom + 50 ml of anti-bothropic-crotalic serum (50mg) + fluid therapy; Group III, venom + 50 ml of anti-bothropic-crotalic serum + fluid therapy + urine alkalination; Group IV, 50 ml of anti-bothropic-crotalic serum. The lyophilized venom of Crotalus durissus terrificus was reconstituted in saline solution and subcutaneously inoculated at the dose of 1mg/kg body weight. The dogs presented clinical signs of local pain, weakness, mandibular ptosis, mydriasis, emesis and salivation. The venom levels detected by ELISA ranged from 0 to 90ng/ml, according to the severity of the clinical signs. Serum antivenom ranged from 0 to 3ug/ml and was detected for up to 138h after treatment. ELISA results showed the effectiveness of the serum therapy for the venom neutralization.
Highlights
There are, worldwide, about 3,000 snake species, from which 10% to 14% are considered venomous
Group I was inoculated with Crotalus durissus terrificus venom; Group II received the venom and six hours after inoculation was treated with 50ml (50mg) of anti-bothropic-crotalic serum (Vencofarma®), intravenously, associated with fluid therapy with sodium chlorate (0.9% NaCl, dose 50ml/kg); Group III was inoculated with venom and six hours after inoculation was treated with 50ml (50mg) of antibothropic-crotalic serum, intravenously, and fluid therapy (0.9% NaCl, dose 50ml/kg) containing 8.4% sodium bicarbonate; Group IV was inoculated with 50ml (50mg) of anti-bothropic-crotalic serum, intravenously
Clinical Effects of Crotalus durissus Venom in Dogs After crotalic venom inoculation, signs of discomfort were noticed in all animals
Summary
There are, worldwide, about 3,000 snake species, from which 10% to 14% are considered venomous. Laboratory confirmation of the accident can be made by using crotalic venom antigens, which may be detected in the blood using ELISA [21] This technique presents vantages over other tests because of its simplicity, rapidity, sensitivity and specificity for the detection of low concentrations of venom in the serum and urine [6]. In several studies involving ELISA assays, cross reaction among antigens of several snake species was observed, mainly due to the use of partially purified polyclonal antibodies. Selvanayagam & Gopalakrishnakone [22] and ChávezOlorteghi [11] used high affinity chromatography to eliminate cross-reaction of equine hyperimmune serum immunoglobulins, obtaining species-specific IgG for the detection of bothropic or crotalic venom using ELISA. The present study aimed at evaluating the clinical aspects of dogs experimentally envenomed with crotalic venom as well as at using ELISA to quantify serum levels of crotalic venom and antivenom
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