Key issues impacting European business in the 2020s

eEurope, a political agenda aiming to bring Europe's business, citizens and administrations online by 2005, and the European research area, a policy objective targeting the creation of a European single market for research, are two European Union policies that aim to address key challenges for Europe's citizens and business in the new millennium. The paper shows that R&D efforts under successive European framework programmes for research, particularly in the domain of information society technologies, have underpinned these policy initiatives and that research and policy efforts together can offer a coherent approach to create the largest knowledge-based economy in the world.

Having experienced the beginning of the second industrial revolution in the 1970s with the advent of automation and information technology, European and US businesses are now in the process of re-evaluating their whole production processes and philosophies. This is particularly in the light of their relative lack of competitiveness against Japanese businesses. It is an ongoing process and will affect all involved in production. Many side-effects have indeed already been seen, in the form of long-term structural unemployment as staple industries have declined. This chapter looks at Japanese production methods and philosophies and how they differ from conventional organisational structures and philosophies as embodied by European businesses in the past. New philosophies such as Business Process Re-engineering and benchmarking are examined as are the effects of contracting out (outsourcing). The end of the concepts of full-time permanent jobs are also examined.

Straipsnyje pateikiama tarptautinio verslo situacija, išskiriant pagrindinius vietinių, nacionalinių, europinių, daugianacionalinių ir globalių kompanijų ypatumus. Išanalizavus pagrindinius šių kampanijų veiklos skirtumus, pristatomi verslo aplinkos tyrimai ir šių aplinkos veiksnių vaidmuo Europos verslo plėtrai. Norint detaliau paaiškinti šių veiksnių įtaką verslininkų strateginiams sprendimams, pateikti praktiniai pavyzdžiai, kaip tarptautinio verslo atstovai vienoje ar kitoje dinamikoje Europos verslo aplinkoje turėtų koreguoti strateginius veiksmus. Pateikiami konkretūs Europos verslo aplinkos veiksniai: mokesčių, politinė sistema, žmogaus veiksnys ir t. t. Pabaigoje aptariami verslo aplinkos veiksniai, turintys įtakos Europos rinkos dalyviams, organizuojantiems verslą. Straipsnyje akcentuojamos aplinkos veiksnių keliamos problemos, su kuriomis kasdien susiduria Europos rinkoje veikiantys verslininkai. Be to, galima lengviau numatyti, kaip būtų galima įeiti į vieną ar kitą rinką su savo preke, paslauga, kokių kliūčių gali kilti, steigiant savo mažmeninės prekybos vienetą Italijoje, Rusijoje ar Lietuvoje.

The "Berlin Forum", a network of PhDs and post-docs in the field of business and economic ethics, is organising a conference on the subject "European Business and Economic Ethics: Is There a European Business and Economic Ethics Approach?" The conference will take place from September 6-8, 2007 at and in cooperation with the Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities in Heidelberg (Germany). The focus of the conference will be academic rather than application-oriented. Economic reality in Europe today takes place not only at the level of nation-states but increasingly also at a regional, European and global level. With regard to trade, Europe is the major market for most domestic businesses. The same is true for the "economic ethical reality": economic actors, non-governmental organisations, governments and also the scientific community need to take into account the scale of a unified Europe when tackling ethical issues. There are indeed some transnational axes of discourse, of reference and of cooperation in Europe, such as the transnational discourse in German speaking Europe or the close links between the British and the Dutch approaches to business ethics. However, thus far, the vast majority of cases of cooperation and communication in business and economic ethics still primarily occur within single countries. The landscape of business and economic ethics in Europe therefore remains scattered - parallels between different countries may exist, but are of a rather coincidental kind. Considering this situation, the Berlin Forum is organising a conference on business and economic ethics, which aims to stimulate dialogue between scientists from different European countries and to strengthen scientific cooperation in the field of European business and economic ethics. In this way, the profile of a possible European business and economic ethics will be highlighted in distinction to predominant US-American approaches to business and economic ethics. The conference addresses theoretical perspectives on both economic and business ethics. The target group comprises scientists and researchers from various disciplines dealing with business and economic ethics.

Part 1 Setting the stage - European business before 1992: evolution of the single market, S.G.Makridakis, M.Bainbridge competition and competitors - how the European community compares with the United States and Japan, S.G.Makridakis politics and economics - prospects for Gorbachev's common European market, J.Story. Part 2 Strategic challenges of the single-market: Pan-European marketing - combining product strength and geographical coverage, J.C.Larreche, R.Gogel new manufacturing strategies - taking advantage of uniform standards and alternative technologies, A.De Meyer aligning strategic demands and corporate capabilities, Y.Doz seizing opportunities - the changing role of strategy in European companies, D.Heau. Part 3 Critical cultural and managerial issues: managing across cultures and national borders, A.Laurent identifying management talent for a pan-European environment, M.Kets de Vries, C.Mead understanding the European consumer - myths and realities, P.Vallette-Florence appreciating the diversity of the single market community, M.Bainbridge, S.G.Makridakis. Part 4 Finance, banking, and the monetary system: forging a financial and monetary union, C.Wyplosz integrating and legislating rapid changes in the financial services industry, G.Hawawini, E.Rajendra. Part 5 1992 and beyond - perceptions and realities: the impact of the single market on European business - a case study, B.Majani, D.Majani future challenges for single market Europe - feedback from business and government leaders, S.G.Makridakis.

The EU emissions trading scheme will not only affect the cost structures and competitiveness of the sectors covered directly by the trading scheme, but — through changes in energy demand and thus energy prices — will also have repercussions on the entire EU market. As Europe is closely tied to the rest of the world by international trade, it will also change the position of European business on the world markets and is likely to influence international energy prices as well.So far, research has been mainly confined to a qualitative analysis of the EU. Few studies — mainly focussing on Kyoto trading and not the EU scheme — have tried to give quantitative results. Other EU specific studies estimate abatement costs of emission reductions and prices, but ignore international effects. Against this background, the aim of this study is to assess the range of possible implications of the trading scheme using the computable general equilibrium model DART that accounts for European and international linkages. As a result, it is possible to estimate the direct economic costs for the European business as well as the trade and competitiveness effects in a globalizing world.KeywordsEmissions tradingEUcompetitivenesscomputable general equilibrium model

The world faces a complex convergence of social and ecological crises: climate change, biodiversity loss, resource scarcity, human rights violations, rising inequality and societal instability. The United Nations adopted Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for ‘the future of humanity and of our planet’, calling on business to contribute to solving these pressing challenges. Yet business in aggregate is a driver of the current convergence of crises, and the discussion of how to promote sustainable business is therefore high up also on the agenda of the European Union (EU). The EU increasingly shows recognition of the need for regulatory initiatives to promote the integration of sustainability into European business, resonating with the EU’s high-level commitment to sustainability. This article is a contribution to the discourse on how to regulate European business so that it contributes to a sustainable future for all, including for European business itself. The article briefly outlines the basis in the EU treaties for reform of EU company law and the risks of continued unsustainability, moving on to the argument for including company law in the legislative toolbox, and outlining ideas for how such a reform could be shaped.KeywordsEU Green DealCorporate purposeCompany lawCorporate boardDue diligenceSustainabilityGlobal value chainsHuman rightsClimate changeBiodiversityPlanetary boundariesSocial foundationSustainable financeSustainable corporate governanceCircular economySustainability reporting

Journal Article Pieter J. Van Winter. American Finance and Dutch Investment, 1780–1805, with an Epilogue to 1840. English adaptation by James C. Riley In two volumes (European Business: Four Centuries of Foreign Expansion.) New York: Arno Press. 1977. Pp. xx, 1171. $68.00 Get access Van Winter Pieter J.. American Finance and Dutch Investment, 1780–1805, with an Epilogue to 1840. English adaptation by Riley James C. In two volumes (European Business: Four Centuries of Foreign Expansion.) New York: Arno Press. 1977. Pp. xx, 1171. $68.00. Bertus Harry Wabeke Bertus Harry Wabeke Alexandria, Virginia Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The American Historical Review, Volume 83, Issue 5, December 1978, Pages 1274–1275, https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr/83.5.1274 Published: 01 December 1978

The article analyzes methodical approaches to evaluating the external environment of the European Union in relation to Ukrainian business structures that seek to conduct business in the territory of the member states of the European Union. The European business environment is a part of the global and international one, so it has inherent problems associated with globalization processes and with the formation and functioning of international corporations. Such problems include: specialization and cooperation in the production of goods; application of information technologies and software; digitalization of production and artificial intelligence; insufficiently qualified personnel, etc. The algorithm for evaluating the external European environment in three stages is given. The first is the definition of European business and its structure; familiarization with the standard sectoral classification of the Eurostatute; definition of modern trends in the development of European business. The second is familiarization with the European business policy and assessment of disparities arising in the development of individual territories, which indicates the implementation of regionalization. The third stage of the study is the analysis of EU regional policy strategies. It has been proven that the European business environment is greatly influenced by the regional policy currently conducted by the Parliament of the European Union. It is aimed at equalizing the development of the member states of the European Union from the point of view of economy, politics, ecology and social sphere. Regionalization of the economy makes it possible to create conditions for business reorganization through the creation of international alliances, mergers and acquisitions of business entities from different countries. International alliances can produce the same goods with the aim of seizing sales markets (international strategic alliances), carry out cooperation of scientific institutions on the development of a new type of product (collaborative alliances), or are created for the purpose of implementing an investment project for the release of a new type of product (investment alliances).

The world faces a complex convergence of social and ecological crises: climate change, biodiversity loss, resource scarcity, human rights violations, rising inequality and societal instability. The United Nations adopted Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for ‘the future of humanity and of our planet’, calling on business to contribute to solving these pressing challenges. Yet business in aggregate is a driver of the current convergence of crises and the discussion of how to promote sustainable business is therefore high up also on the agenda of the European Union (EU). The EU increasingly shows recognition of the need for regulatory initiatives to promote the integration of sustainability into European business, resonating with the EU’s high-level commitment to sustainability. This article is a contribution to the discourse on how to regulate European business so that it contributes to a sustainable future for all, including for European business itself. The article briefly outlines the basis in the EU treaties for reform of EU company law and the risks of continued unsustainability, moving on to the argument for including company law in the legislative toolbox, and outlining ideas for how such a reform could be shaped.

This chapter focuses on some of the findings of a research project entitled 'Foreign language use in European business', set up at the University of Duisburg to measure foreign language use in selected companies located in Germany, France, the Netherlands, Portugal and Hungary. It then focuses on the use of English as a medium of written communication between German and French companies and between German and Dutch companies. A lingua franca is a language that non-native speakers of that language use with other non-native speakers. It is therefore a foreign language for all parties concerned. The term 'lingua franca' is applicable to both natural and artificial languages, which may be mixed and/or simplified. German is prominently used in German-Dutch business dealings because most Dutch companies are competent in German and the use of German as a business language clearly dominates that of Dutch.

Having considered in the previous chapter the organisational structure of European businesses, this chapter considers their financial implications. Profit maximising and other theories are reviewed. The role of transfer pricing in multinational organisations is analysed. The cash flow and asset values of the European business are examined, as are the main sources of finance. The chapter concludes by looking in detail at attempts to develop the European Financial Common Market, the background against which European businesses work.

Institutional design, decision making and innovation.- Abatement costs vs. compliance costs in multi-period emissions trading - the firms' perspective.- Generous allocation and a ban on banking - implications of a simulation game for EU emissions trading.- Emissions trading and innovation in the German electricity industry - impact of possible design options for an emissions trading scheme on innovation strategies in the German electricity industry.- A dynamic game of technology diffusion under emissions trading: an experiment.- Sustainability entrepreneurship in the context of emissions trading.- Investment and management strategies under emissions trading.- Optimal strategies for emissions trading in a Putty-Clay Vintage Model.- Strategic production management of companies participating in the European greenhouse gas emission allowance trading scheme.- Decision making in the emissions-market under uncertainty.- The impact of climate policy on heat and power capacity investment decisions.- Implications of the European emissions trading scheme for strategic energy management in small and medium enterprises.- Management and optimization of environmental data within emissions trading markets - VEREGISTER and TEMPI.- Emissions trading with changing future commitments - some initial thoughts.- Emissions trading and business administration.- Emission Trading North - important findings from a business perspective.- Corporate greenhouse gas management in the context of emissions trading regimes.- Accounting for emission rights.- The role of stakeholder driven corporate governance - the example of BP's climate change strategy.- Emissions trading and effects on financial markets.- Effects of emissions trading schemes existing and being implemented.- The EU emissions trading scheme and its competitiveness effects upon European business - results from the CGE model DART.- Implementing the EU emissions trading directive in Spain: a comparative study of corporate concerns and strategies in different industrial sectors.- UK's climate change levy and emissions trading scheme: implications for businesses' productivity and economic efficiency.- The sources of emission reductions: evidence from U.S. SO2 emissions from 1985 through 2002.- Policy-business interaction in emissions trading between multiple regions.- The changing role of the project mechanisms in emissions trading.- Prevailing technologies and locations of CDM projects: the current situation compared with expectations.

Quality and Reliability Engineering InternationalVolume 23, Issue 6 p. 643-650 Special Issue Article The business and industrial statistician: Past, present and future† Gerald J. Hahn, Corresponding Author Gerald J. Hahn [email protected] GE Research and Development Center, Schenectady, NY 12309, U.S.A. Retired Manager-Statistics.1404 Orlyn Drive, Schenectady, NY 12309, U.S.A.===Search for more papers by this author Gerald J. Hahn, Corresponding Author Gerald J. Hahn [email protected] GE Research and Development Center, Schenectady, NY 12309, U.S.A. Retired Manager-Statistics.1404 Orlyn Drive, Schenectady, NY 12309, U.S.A.===Search for more papers by this author First published: 19 June 2007 https://doi.org/10.1002/qre.863Citations: 5 † This paper is based upon the Box Medal Lecture presented at the 2006 Conference of the European Network of Business and Industrial Statisticians (ENBIS), held in Wroclaw, Poland. The Box Medal is named after George Box and recognizes each year an extraordinary statistician who has remarkably contributed with his/her work to the development and the application of statistical methods in European business and industry. ENBIS members can nominate statisticians who influenced the applications of Statistics in European business and industry, regardless of their ENBIS affiliation. The previous award winners are George Box, Soren Bisgaard and Sir David Cox. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Citing Literature Volume23, Issue6Special Issue: Industrial Statistics: Quality management, Application and DevelopmentOctober 2007Pages 643-650 RelatedInformation

Lund Joachim Working for the New Order — European Business under German Domination 1939–1945 2006 CBS Press, University Press of Southern Denmark 8763001861 (in English/German, 192pp.).