KECUKUPAN ENERGI PROTEIN PADA ANAK-ANAK (24-59 BULAN) DI INDONESIA:

Traditionally, health protection and health promotion activities have operated independently of each other in the workplace. Health protection has usually been viewed as encompassing the activities that protect workers from occupational injury and illness ranging from basic safety training to the us

Objectives: To characterize energy and nutrient consumption in less than 5 year old children in Peru between 1997 and 2001. Materials and Methods: A direct food-weighing survey was administered to 1644 children selected in a two-staged probabilistic sampling in the following geographical domains: Lima, rest of the coast, urban areas in the highlands, rural areas in the highlands, jungle, and Andean Trapezium (Ayacucho, Apurimac, Huancavelica, Cusco, and Puno departments); covering the whole Peruvian surface area. Median values for energy, macronutrient, animal protein, vitamin A, and iron consumption. The percentage of infant population with a less-than 90%, 75%, and 50% of nutritional requirement and recommendations was calculated, as well as consumption gap for the same cut-off values. Median and percentage values were compared year-by-year, using Kruskal-Wallis and chi-square tests. Results: Throughout the country a significant increase in energy, carbohydrates, and vitamin A consumption was observed; in spite of this, children assessed showed low consumption and coverage of energy, fat, and iron requirements and recommendations. Total protein consumption exceeded 100% of daily recommendations in all places studied, and low animal protein consumption was found in the rural areas in the highlands, as well as in the Andean Trapezium. Conclusions: In spite of the increases in food consumption observed during the study period, children showed high prevalence of low energy and nutrient consumption, particularly iron and fat, and mostly affected regions were rurral areas in the highlands and Andean Trapezium.

Temporal Trends in Rural vs Urban Sepsis-Related Mortality in the United States, 2010-2019

Betaine is a methyl group donor that can increase protein synthesis since it has a similar role as methionine. The study was performed to determine the supplementation effect of betaine in the diet containing adequate methionine on growth performance and feed efficiency of female broilers. In total, 200 of day-old chicks of female broiler chickens were allotted to 4 treatments with 5 replicationsof 10 birds. This experiment was designed as completely randomized design. Control diet was formulated to contain adequate methionine (0.50% for starter and 0.38% for finisher period). The other dietary treatments were obtained by supplementing 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3% betaine. The variables observed consisted of feed, protein and energy consumption, average daily weight gain, feed efficiency, protein and energy efficiency ratio. Supplementation of 0.1% betaine generated a higheraverage daily weight gain (P<0.05), but supplementation at higher levels (0.2 and 0.3%) had no effect on weight gain. However, betaine did not affect feed, energy and protein consumption, as well as feed efficiency and energy and protein efficiency ratio. Thus, betaine can be applied in the diet containing adequate methionine at the level of 0.1% to produce higherdaily weight gain without affecting feed efficiency. Supplementation of betaine at higher levels than 0.1% did not show positive effect on weight gain and feed efficiency in female broiler chickens.

Protein is needed by the human body, especially to develop and repair body tissues. The adequacy rate of protein consumption shows the amount of minimal protein needed by each resident in a day to be able to live healthy and active. The Indonesian adequacy rate of protein consumption based on the results of the National Widyakarya Food and Nutrition X set a standard of consumption per capita protein per day which is 57 grams of protein. The purpose of this study was to determine the differences in protein consumption in urban and rural areas in Aceh province. Data used on average consumption of protein in urban and rural areas by food in 2018 in the Aceh province were obtained from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) of Aceh. The data was analyzed using the Mann-Whitney Test with the help of SPSS 23 software. Based on the results of descriptive statistics in urban areas in Aceh province, protein consumption according to food was 62.42 grams, while in rural areas it was 57.42 grams. This shows that the protein consumption of the people of Aceh province has fulfilled the protein adequacy rate.Then from the output of SPSS 23 protein consumption in urban and rural areas obtained Mann-Whitney U value = 79,000 with an Asymp Value Sig (2 tailed) = 0.590 so that the Asymp Sig value obtained> 0.05 then H0 is accepted meaning that there is no significant difference between consumption protein in urban and rural areas in Aceh

Health education and health promotion is accepted as an individual and social value and an undeniable necessity in every society. According to the statutes of the World Health Organization, all educational and health organizations are obliged to strive to spread it. This important point has been mentioned and in order to implement it, by compiling health and health promotion courses in different educational courses, especially junior high school, efforts have been made to give the necessary training to students and to take necessary measures to achieve a healthy, dynamic and lively society. The purpose of this study was to design a model of health education and health development curriculum for junior high school based on the indicators of the health system and the document of fundamental change in education. The research method was descriptive correlation, field data collection method and interview data collection tool and questionnaire. The statistical population in this study was all professors and curriculum specialists. Purposeful sampling method was used to select a sample from among the specialists and 15 people were selected as a statistical sample considering the saturation law. The researcher faced data saturation after the twelfth interview, but to ensure the adequacy of the data, the interview process continued until the fifteenth person. Therefore, the statistical sample in this section is 15people. Based on the research results, it can be said that the four main themes of "purpose", "content", "teaching method", and "evaluation" as dimensions of health education and health development curriculum in junior high school based on the indicators of the health system with emphasis on The components of the document of fundamental change in education were identified. The results also showed that the variables of purpose, content, teaching method, and evaluation in explaining the model of health education and health development curriculum of the first year of high school based on health system indicators with emphasis on components. The document's fundamental transformation of effective education. So that the target variable was in the first priority, the content variable was in the second priority, the teaching method variable was in the third priority and the evaluation variable was in the final priority.

This study aims to determine Central Java population welfare dynamics by looking at the pattern of expenditure and the nutritional and food consumption level. The data used is data on the expenditure and consumption of the Central Java population in 2016–2020. The data analysis method used is descriptive analytical. The study of expenditure patterns shows that during the period 2016–2020, the Central Java population welfare is increasing. Still, the population of rural areas is less prosperous than the population of urban areas. The welfare increase is also shown by decreasing the cereals group consumption. The analysis of the nutritional consumption level indicates that the energy and protein consumption level tend to increase during 2016–2020. The level of energy consumption is categorized as sufficient, and protein consumption level is categorized as good. In rural areas, energy consumption and energy consumption are higher than in urban areas; conversely, protein consumption and protein consumption in urban areas are higher than in rural areas.

The prevalence of stunting in Indonesia is remaining high. Stunting is found to be more common in rural areas than in urban areas. This study aimed to determine the factors associated with stunting in rural areas. We conducted a case-controlled study in Public Health Center Jetis 1 Yogyakarta, Indonesia. We recruited 80 children with the purposive sampling technique. Data on birth weight and disease history were taken from their medical records. Data on consumption patterns of energy, protein, carbohydrate, and fat were collected through a nutritional survey. Different proportions were tested using the fisher test and the mean difference was tested using an independent t-test. The results showed that child stunting had lower energy and protein consumption levels than non-stunting children (p=0.000). Diarrheal infection, frequency, and duration of illness were more common in stunted than in non-stunted children (p<0.05). Consumption of protein and energy was associated with stunting (p<0.05). This research found differences in the incidence of infection, frequency, length of illness, and hospital stay between stunted and non-stunted children. There is a significant association between the consumption of protein and energy with stunted growth in children in rural public health children.

The purpose of this study was to search for the methods that can contribute to be done the systematic the health education curriculum in the educational field by analyzing the core competencies, the change of characteristics and goal, the change of organization of contents, and academic achievement level of health education in the health education curriculum that was published in revised education curriculum in 2015. For this reason, this study focused on the ways how the health education curriculum can be performed effectively in the field based on the needs of next education curriculum by comparing the education curriculum, which were analyzed the materials of the health education and health education curriculum after Received (February 22, 2016), Review Result (March 8, 2016) Accepted (March 15, 2016), Published (April 30, 2016) 702-701Dept. Education, Kyungpook National Univ., 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, Korea email: barbara017@hanmail.net (Corresponding Author),702-701Dept. Education, Kyungpook National Univ., 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, Korea. email: hskang84@knu.ac.kr Analysis of the direction and features of Health Education curriculum under the 2015 revised curriculum Copyright c 2016 HSST 330 the first applied the health education curriculum at education curriculum from 2009, with the revised content and direction of curriculum appearing in the revised education curriculum in 2015. As the result of research, it were suggested that six core competencies of health education, personal competency, and the characteristics and goals of health education emphasized the balance of social responsibility, and also suggested the restructuring of the content domain by presenting health contents domain and the 11 key concepts, and proposed the education achievement standard in accordance with decrease of education achievement standard and the content elements at the revised health education curriculum. For the revised education curriculum in 2015 is carried out in a systemic ways, It is presented that it is necessary to notice the elementary school health curriculum including total number of lesson hours, to secure the health education class time in middle and high school for not selecting health education in their classes, to be more health education books, and to increase health education teachers at large schools as a policy.

We examine the impacts of an unconditional cash transfer in Lesotho using an experimental impact evaluation design. We find that the cash transfer led to different outcomes for girls and boys, overall favouring secondary school-aged girls. Girls in this age group were less likely to miss school, spent more time at school, and faced a reduced time burden in household chores. While the general results are maintained in households with a married couple present, in de jure female-headed households, outcomes improved among secondary school-aged boys relative to secondary school-aged girls. By contrast, having the mother as cash recipient was not unequivocally linked to better educational outcomes for children. This puts into question the existence of gender preferences in schooling in Lesotho and suggests that impacts on child welfare are influenced by time and labor constraints and by gender-based differences in opportunity costs of a child’s time.

Indonesia has 17.3% of pregnant Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) women who are at risk of CED while breastfeeding because they have poor nutritional status. Therefore, it is necessary to take corrective action to increase their knowledge about breastfeeding patterns to optimize nutritional intake through educational interventions. A quasi-experiment with a pre-test post-test with a control group and food recall 24h interview was employed. The knowledge score of the intervention group increased after the education intervention, while the control group didnot change, and there wasno significant difference (p<0.05)in the final score of the intervention and control group. The results of consumption patterns showed that there were significant differences in protein consumption between the initial and final mean scores in the intervention group (p<0.05), while there wasno significant difference in energy consumption, and in the control group, there wasno significant difference (p<0.05). The final mean of protein and energy consumption had a significant differencebetween the intervention and control groups (p<0.05). The relation of knowledge scores with the patterns of protein and energy consumption isnot related between them (counterclockwise) which means if the level of knowledge is good, an increased pattern of protein and energy consumption is not necessary.

To analyze the prevalence status and related factors of Vitamin D in children and adolescent aged 6-17 years in Yunnan Province, and to provide evidence for improving the anemia status of children and teenagers in Yunnan Province. From 2016 to 2017, a multi-stage stratified random sampling method was used to select 3189 children and adolescents aged 6-17 from 65 primary and secondary schools in 13 counties(cities, districts) of 7 cities(prefectures) in Yunnan Province.1580 boys and 1609 girls were selected by gender.1367 urban residents and 1822 rural residents were selected for face-to-face questionnaire survey and serum vitamin D measurement based on urban and rural areas. The distribution of serum vitamin D content in urban and rural areas, age, body mass index and outdoor activity time of school-aged children was analyzed. SPSS20.0 T-test, χ~2 test and multiple Logistic regression analysis were performed. The mean of vitamin D in children and adolescents aged 6-17 in Yunnan Province was(21.98±8.07) ng/mL. The vitamin D level of urban boys was(23.30±10.13) ng/mL, which was higher than that of girls((21.50±8.94) ng/mL)(t=3.47, P<0.01). The vitamin D level of children and adolescents aged 6-8 in urban areas was the highest((26.65±9.83) ng/mL), and the difference was statistically significant compared with other age groups except for the 15-17 age group(F=41.06, P<0.01). The vitamin D levels of children and adolescents who had physical examinations in autumn, ate eggs every day, and had eaten animal blood and liver in the past month were(25.34±7.82), (22.78±9.60) and(23.66±9.24) ng/mL, respectively, which were all higher than those of other groups, and the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05). The vitamin D level of rural boys was(22.85±7.31) ng/mL, which was higher than that of girls((20.10±6.34) ng/mL)(t=5.34, P<0.01). The vitamin D level of children and adolescents aged 6-8 in rural areas was the highest((23.7±7.96) ng/mL), and the difference was statistically significant compared with other age groups except for the 15-17 age group(F=25.05, P<0.01), but it was lower than that of the same age group in urban areas(t=4.40, P<0.01). The vitamin D level was the highest when outdoor activity time exceeded 120 minutes((22.05±7.84) ng/mL), and the difference was statistically significant compared with other activity time groups(F=5.34, P<0.01). The rate of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency among children and adolescents aged 6-17 was 87.6%. The proportion of vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency among girls in both urban and rural areas was higher than that among boys(χ~2 values of 17.48 and 35.33, P<0.01), respectively. The proportion of vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency among different genders in urban and rural areas was statistically significant(χ~2=50.14, P<0.01). In urban and rural age groups, the proportion of vitamin D sufficiency in 6-8 years old was the highest, accounting for 40.6% and 38.5%, respectively, and the difference between urban and rural vitamin D deficiency or deficiency was statistically significant(χ~2=71.22 P<0.01). Vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency were more severe in winter among children and adolescents in both urban and rural areas(χ~2=17.11, P<0.01. Multivariate Logistic analysis showed that girls(OR=2.27, 95%CI 1.814-2.852) and rural children and adolescents(OR=1.560, 95%CI 1.240-1.961) were more likely to have vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency. The 6-8 age group(OR=0.395, 95%CI 0.287-0.543), physical examination season in spring(OR=0.694, 95%CI 0.567-0.849), and autumn(OR=0.743, 95%CI 0.595-0.926) were protective factors for vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency. The deficiency or insufficiency of vitamin D among children and adolescents aged 6 to 17 in Yunnan Province from 2016 to 2017 remains at a relatively high level, with girls being more prominently affected. Undergoing physical examinations in spring and autumn is a protective factor for vitamin D levels.

OVER THE PAST 15 YEARS, cash transfer programs have become a core component of antipoverty policy strategies in the developing world. In Latin America in particular, cash transfer programs have adopted a multidimensional approach to poverty, whereby income support is provided together with simultaneous interventions in health, education, and nutrition. This "human development" approach to poverty reduction places a strong emphasis on tackling the intergenerational transmission of poverty through human capital investment (Levy and Schady 2013; Nio-Zaraza 2011; Levy 2006). Mexico's Progresa-Oportunidades-Prospera, Brazil's Bolsa Familia, Colombia's Familias en Accin, and Chile Solidario are prominent examples of this antipoverty policy framework.

ntroduction: Mothers' lack of understanding regarding MP-ASI will affect toddlers' nutritional intake. Nutrition education using video media can increase mothers' knowledge of the importance of meeting toddlers' nutritional intake. Objective: To analyze differences in maternal knowledge levels, levels of energy consumption, and protein in stunted toddlers between nutrition education with video media and without video media in Purwodadi Village, Kec. Blimbing, Malang City. Method: The research method used is a quasi-experimental method with a two-group pre and post-test design, a purposive sampling technique. The total sample obtained was 18 mothers of toddlers who were divided into two groups. Education was carried out three times, and each time the education was carried out for 60-90 minutes. The knowledge of mothers of toddlers, energy, and protein consumption of toddlers before and after were tested using the Paired Sample T-Test because the data was normally distributed, while the knowledge of mothers of toddlers, energy, and protein consumption of toddlers between the treatment and control groups used the Independent Sample T-Test. Result: The research results showed that the average knowledge before education was (62.2 ± 11.7) and after (92.8 ± 6.1) in the treatment group, while in the control group, the average knowledge of nutrition before education was (62.2 ± 11.7) and after (79.4 ± 6.8). The average energy consumption of toddlers in the treatment group before education was (66.3 ± 11.6) and after (98.5 ± 8.6), while in the control group, the average energy consumption of toddlers before education was (70.9 ± 26.3). and after (88.2 ± 26.3). Apart from that, the average protein consumption in the treatment group before education was (70.3 ± 13.1) and after (96.2 ± 11.0), while in the control group, the average protein consumption before education was (76.6 ± 23.5). and after (83.1 ± 21.9). Apart from that, there were differences in nutritional knowledge of mothers of toddlers, energy consumption, and protein for toddlers between education with video media and without video media (p<0.05). These results are presented in Tables 8, 10, and 12 to see any differences between the treatment and control groups. Conclusion: This research concludes that there are differences in maternal knowledge, energy consumption, and toddler protein between nutrition education with video media and without video media.

Cash and In-Kind Transfers in Poor Rural Communities in Mexico Increase Household Fruit, Vegetable, and Micronutrient Consumption but Also Lead to Excess Energy Consumption1–3