Abstract
Introduction: The prevalence of idiopathic hypercalciuria (IH) in healthy pediatric population ranges from 3.0% to 7.0%. There is insufficient data about IH in children with mono-symptomatic enuresis. The aim of this study was to examine calcium excretion in urine (UCa) in patients with primary mono-symptomatic nocturnal enuresis (PMNE). Methods: In patients with PMNE, aged 5 to 17 years, IH was determined in 24-h urine and from second morning spot urine. The completeness of the 24-h urine collections was estimated via measuring 24h-urine creatinine excretion (UCr) of 0.1-0.2 mmol/kg/24h. Results: Sixty patients with PMNE, 32 males and 28 girls, median age of 9 years were enrolled in the study. Only 41.7% patients successfully completed 24 h urine collection. IH, defined as 24-h UCa > 0.1 mmol/kg body weight, was diagnosed in 12% of the patients, while when defined as UCa/UCr > 0.8 mmol/mmol in children 5-7 years and > 0.6 mmol/mmol in those > 7 years, IH was 8.3% and 6.7% from 24hurine and spot urine, respectively. Conclusion: Children and adolescents with PMNE are in risk of hypercalciuria. Therefore, it is useful to examine 24 hours of urine calcium excretion in these patients.
Highlights
The prevalence of idiopathic hypercalciuria (IH) in healthy pediatric population ranges from 3.0% to 7.0%
Sixty patients with primary mono-symptomatic nocturnal enuresis (PMNE), 32 males and 28 girls, median age of 9 years were enrolled in the study
Males (%) Age in years, Median (IQR) Body height, Median (IQR) Body weight, Median (IQR) Body mass index, Median (IQR) UCa in 24 h urine, Median (IQR) UCa/kg body weight (BW) urine creatinine excretion (UCr) in 24 h urine, Median (IQR) UCa/UCr in 24 h urine, Median (IQR) Ca/Cr spot urine, Median (IQR) Hipercalciuria according to UCa/UCr in 24 h urine (%) Hipercalciuria according UCa/UCr spot urine (%) Positive family history for nocturnal enuresis (%) Positive family for nephrolithiasis (%)
Summary
The prevalence of idiopathic hypercalciuria (IH) in healthy pediatric population ranges from 3.0% to 7.0%. The aim of this study was to examine calcium excretion in urine (UCa) in patients with primary mono-symptomatic nocturnal enuresis (PMNE). Nocturnal enuresis or bedwetting is an involuntary voiding during sleep in children aged more than 5 years. It is a primary when children have never achieved six months of continuously dry nights, or it is a secondary which occur after at least 6 months of nighttime voiding control. The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children found that the prevalence of bedwetting < 2 nights per week is 30% at age of 4.5 years and 8% at 9.5 years, and the prevalence of bedwetting 3 2 nights per week is 8% at 4.5 years and 1.5% at 9.5 years [1]. About 10% of all 7-yr-old children, 5% of all 10-yr-olds and 0.5–1% of adults were affected more than three times bedwetting per week [2, 3]
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