KAJIAN HIRARKI KEBUTUHAN DAN AKTUALISASI DIRI PADA ANAK KORBAN BLENDED PARENTING

In order to study children's subjective experiences, researchers need to employ methods that are interesting and engaging but at the same time can produce data that answers research questions. This article critically reflects on the use of an innovative visually expressive method, sand tray pictures, which allows children to communicate their multi-dimensional subjective experiences with nature. In this study, sand tray pictures were compared with photographs taken and pictures drawn by the children as approaches for understanding children's experiences in a public botanic garden during a five-day summer camp. Sand trays were identified as a highly effective tool in eliciting insights about children's subjective and socio-cultural experiences in nature.

L’adoption internationale et sa représentation en littérature de jeunesse pour enfants de 2 à 7 ans

This research aims to analyze the qualitative relationship between McGregor and Maslow's motivation theories and employee productivity at Laundry Harfiah, a service company in the field of electronic equipment production. In background, research highlights the importance of motivation in increasing employee productivity and company success. McGregor's motivation theory (theories X and Y) and Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory are the focus for understanding and implementing in human resource management. The research was conducted using a qualitative approach and case study method, with research participants in the form of five Harfiah Laundry employees who had worked for at least one year. Data was collected through in-depth interviews, direct observation, and document analysis related to the application of motivation theory in companies. The research results show that Literal Laundry has successfully implemented McGregor and Maslow's motivation theories in human resource management. McGregor's theory is realized through policies that give employees the freedom to determine work schedules and participate in decision making. Meanwhile, Maslow's theory is applied through adequate salaries and benefits as well as training programs to meet the needs and self-actualization of employees. The positive relationship between the application of motivation theory and employee productivity is clearly visible, where motivated employees work better. Factors such as organizational culture, leadership, and employee involvement in decision making also influence the implementation of employee motivation and productivity. The conclusion of this research is that the application of McGregor and Maslow's motivation theory at Harfiah Laundry has a positive impact on employee productivity. Recommendations for companies include strengthening an organizational culture that supports employee motivation, increasing employee engagement, providing recognition for hard work, and continuing research for further understanding. Future research can use a quantitative approach and involve more companies and other variables to deepen understanding of the relationship between employee motivation and productivity.

This aim of this study was to utilize Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory to understand state-enterprise employees' motivational needs in the PRC (People's Republic of China). The focus in the study addresses the validity of Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory when applied cross-culturally as well as the criticism that it is culture bound. A qualitative inquiry of group interviews, semi-structured interviews and observation revealed that the PRC hierarchy of needs is differentiated from the original model advocated by Maslow even though it adheres to the three principles guiding Maslow's hierarchy of needs: the deficit, prepotent and progressive principles. A strong focus on the belonging needs for these PRC state employees reflects an instrumental relationship with their managers. The research found that the managers not only provide the subsidies at a physiological level, but are also involved in assessing their work performance implicitly. Thus, this relationship actually determined the safety, self-esteem and self-actualisation needs of the employees. The implications for these findings are that belonging needs category occurs after physiological needs in the Maslow hierarchy. Gauging from the analysis, Maslow's theory is deemed to be a useful motivational concept in this research. Caution, however must be exercised as the intrinsic nature of the theory is weak due to only partial support for its three principles and the too simple consideration towards the complex nature of motivational needs. Nevertheless, its ability to develop an explanation for PRC motivational needs established its position as a cross-cultural theory.

Children's subjective experiences are frequently overshadowed by adult narratives, making them invisible in discussions regarding their lives and needs in social work interventions. This oversight highlights the inadequacy of measurement approaches used to capture children's feelings. The current systematic review of English‐language studies aims to thoroughly identify, synthesize and analyse the existing empirical research on the measurement tools of children's subjective experience in social work interventions. We retrieved 3025 studies from four databases and other resources, ultimately selecting 12 studies that met prespecified eligibility criteria after a comprehensive screening process. This review predominantly identifies global and domain‐specific measurement tools for children's subjective experience, providing a foundation for practice. Global measurement tools include the ‘Assert’ strategy, Q‐methodology and multidimensional subjective outcome scales. Domain‐specific measurements encompass dimensions such as satisfaction, perceived social support and usefulness. Given the variability and tendency towards convergence of subjective outcomes, global tools have emerged as an interpretive approach for collecting subjective views. These measurement results have significantly complemented evidence on the effectiveness of social work interventions, despite challenges in selecting appropriate measurement intervals and implementing guidelines.

This research aims to determine the application of Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory in Islamic education learning at Tamanan Elementary School Bantul to help teachers understand the desires of their students in learning. The method used is field research, then it is integrated with various related sources. The results of this study are: a) Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory b) Application of Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs (Humanistic) Theory in Islamic Education learning at Tamanan Elementary School. The conclusion of Maslow's theory of needs aims to make individuals as good human being as possible. This will be very useful in the application of learning so that students can understand themselves and their environment. The students who have reached this level will do various things in order to maximize their potential so that learning can be effective.

Changes in motivation related to age differences and their relationship to Maslow's hierarchy of needs were investigated with 111 subjects, ages 9 years to 80 years (58 females, 53 males), divided into five age groups (children, adolescents, young adults, middle-aged adults, old adults). Using the Life Motivation Scale, subjects ranked statements representing Maslow's five needs on 11. life components. Analyses of variance (Age X Sex) yielded significant developmental differences for four needs but limited support for Maslow's theory as a developmental model. Findings suggest further research is needed to make a valuable contribution toward a more comprehensive theory of motivational development. The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in motivation related to age differences, and their relationship to Maslow's hierarchy of needs (1943, 1963, 1968, 1970, 1971). Theories of development exist in most major areas of psychology including personality, cognition, learning, social, vocational, and moral. Many of these theories incorporate into the developmental sequence an implied or stated hierarchy such as Freud's psychosexual stages (see Hall, 1954), Erikson's (1968) psychosocial stages, Piaget's (1953) periods of cognitive development, Gagne's (1974) learning prerequisites, Super's vocational life stages (Super & Bonn, 1970), Havighurst's (1972) social developmental tasks, and Kohlberg's (1969) levels of moral development. Despite obvious differences among these theorists, there seems to be consensus on the meaning of development as a series of progressive changes that individuals characteristically show as they progress in time through the human life cycle.

This study aims to provide an analysis of the application of Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory in online learning. This study uses a qualitative approach with data collection techniques in the form of a literature study. Based on the results of the analysis, it was found that the application of Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory can provide solutions to various obstacles found in the practice of online learning. The fulfillment of physiological needs, the need for security, the need for love and affection, the need for self-esteem, and the need for self-actualization will give students the confidence to keep their motivation in learning. Maintaining motivation which is the driving energy in learning provides space for teachers to be able to carry out learning according to planning so that learning outcomes become more optimal. Through this study, it is hoped that a positive paradigm will begin to build that online learning can be carried out effectively and efficiently so that it can be an option in the implementation of learning not only during the Covid-19 pandemic. Keywords: online learning, learning, motivation, Maslow's theory.

Language disorders are associated with difficulties in various aspects of life, such as academic and social functioning, resulting in impaired health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Most studies use a parent proxy method to assess HRQoL. Since HRQoL refers to the subjective experience of an individual, it is necessary to assess children's perspectives along with their mothers'. The aim of the current study is to explore HRQoL rating agreement between children and their mothers, since the literature on other conditions suggests that discrepancies seem to reflect their different perspectives. Thus, 53 Greek-speaking children diagnosed with DLD attending kindergarten and their mothers completed, respectively, self-report and parent proxy PedsQLTM questionnaires. Mothers reported significantly better HRQoL than their children with developmental language disorder (DLD) in all HRQoL domains (p < 0.001). Poor agreement was revealed after comparing the scores from both responders, both in abstract domains, such as emotional functioning, as well as in more observable ones, such as physical health (ICC ranged from -0.05 to 0.07). Bland-Altman plots also showed poor agreement on HRQoL. Our results expand on the already known, from other conditions, importance of evaluating children's subjective experience of their HRQoL in kindergarten children with DLD. A multi-informant approach is ideal, and clinicians should prioritize children's view about their lives even when they are kindergarten-age. This approach could inform interventions focusing not only on language skills but also on other areas where it is necessary, depending on the child's subjective experience combined with the maternal perspective.

Objective To explore the application influence of Maslow's theory of hierarchy of demands on the psychological and therapeutic compliance of patients with psychosis. Methods Totally 100 patients with mental disorders who met the requirements of this study were selected from January 2016 to December 2016 in 984 Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of the Chinese People's Liberation Army. They were randomly divided into 2 groups according to the number table method, 50 cases in each group. The control group adopted the routine nursing mode, while the experimental group followed the intervention mode guided by Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, and implemented the corresponding nursing and health education. Concise Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) was used to assess the severity of psychiatric symptoms, Self-knowledge and Treatment Attitude Questionnaire (ITAQ) was used to assess patients' compliance with treatment, and Quality of Life Scale (SQLS) was used to assess patients' quality of life. Results After intervention, the symptoms of anxiety, depression, lack of vitality, thinking disorder, activation, hostile suspicion score, and BPRS scores of the control group were (5.84±3.51), (6.24±3.05), (6.49±2.35), (3.72±1.42), (4.34±1.81), (26.14±6.21) points. After the intervention of the study group, they were (3.78±2.07), (4.11±2.28), (5.15±2.36), (3.02±1.23), (3.58±1.07), (23.08±5.95) points. The differences between the two groups were statistically significant (t=2.516-2.845, P<0.05 or 0.01). After the ITAQ score intervention, the control group and the study group were (10.85±3.41) and (12.34±3.89) points. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (t=-2.037, P<0.05). After the intervention, the quality of life of the control group was compared with psychosocial, motivation/energy, symptom/adverse reaction score, and total score of SQLS (25.34±7.16), (18.69±9.09), (10.54±1.31), (24.00±10.31) points. The study group were (19.06±4.26), (14.75±8.89), (9.56±1.06), (19.36±9.11) points, and the differences between the two groups were statistically significant (t=2.191-5.330, P<0.05). Conclusion Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory can significantly improve mental symptoms, improve treatment compliance and quality of life in psychiatric patients, and is worthy of clinical application. Key words: Schizophrenia; Psychology; Medication adherence compliance; Maslow's demand level theory

This study is aimed at exploring how female partners experience their male partners’ use of pornography. It is reported that therapists are increasingly being called upon to support female partners presenting with difficulties relating to their male partners’ porn use (Hall, 2015), but that clinicians feel under-prepared to work effectively with these clients due to a lack of training and the limited availability of empirically based literature (Ayres & Haddock, 2009). Consequently, there appears to be a growing need for research in this area that can provide insight and guidance for clinicians. The phenomenological epistemology and relativist ontology that underpin this study place an emphasis on understanding the subjective lived experiences of the participants; a focus which seems congruent with the philosophical underpinnings of counselling psychology. Using a qualitative approach, semi-structured interviews were conducted with six female participants. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis through which four master themes were identified: ‘Pushing her limits of acceptance: The ongoing discoveries’; ‘The female partner’s meaning-making’; ‘A lonely experience’; and ‘The layers of loss’. New insights regarding the interplay between the female partners’ meaning-making and their responses highlight the multi-layered and complex experiences of these participants. A number of implications for practice are discussed including the importance of clinicians moving away from a model of pathology to one of promoting well-being and validating female partners’ emotions and experiences regardless of whether a diagnosis (of porn or sexual addiction, for example) is present. The findings may serve to inform individual and group work with both female partners and male users, as well as couple work. Finally, it is hoped that providing insight into the lived experiences of female partners may encourage a more empathetic and understanding response from male porn users and society when female partners seek their support. The limitations of the study are discussed as well as further areas for research.

Mathematical communication skills are of utmost importance for students to effectively solve mathematical problems. However, the evidence suggests that elementary school students still exhibit very low levels of communication skills. Communication skills are influenced significantly by various factors, and one of these factors is learning motivation. This study aims to describe and analyze the mathematical communication abilities of students in the topic of linear equations of two variables, taking into account their learning motivation based on Maslow's theory. The research design employed in this study is descriptive qualitative. The data collection instruments consist of written tests on the topic of a two-variable linear equation system, non-test instruments in the form of questionnaires to assess students' learning motivation based on Maslow's theory, and semi-structured interview guidelines. The subjects of the study were fifth-grade students at SDN Kedungsari Purwerejo, and a sample of six students was selected using purposive sampling. The data analysis technique involved data reduction, data visualization, and drawing conclusions. The research findings indicate that students who fulfill all aspects of Maslow's theoretical hierarchy exhibit higher learning motivation. This is evident in the differences observed in their responses to the questions. Students who fulfill all aspects of Maslow's theoretical hierarchy put in more effort to provide detailed and clear answers, while students who only fulfill some aspects of Maslow's theoretical hierarchy tend to answer questions more straightforwardly without providing a more elaborate explanation.

Improved survival rates for children with intestinal failure (IF) have resulted in an increased population of children receiving long-term parenteral nutrition (PN). Our objective was to determine burden on caregivers of children with IF receiving long-term PN. We performed a cross-sectional study of caregivers of children with IF receiving long-term PN in our intestinal rehabilitation program. A healthy comparison group matched on age of the child was enrolled. All participants completed standardized questionnaires, including the Parental Stress Index - Short Form (PSI-SF), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and PedsQL Family Impact Module (PedsQL FIM). Univariate analysis was completed using a Student t test and chi-square, with an alpha value of <0.05 considered significant. Thirty-eight caregivers of children with IF and 29 caregivers of healthy children consented, with response rates of 89% and 96.5%, respectively. Our study demonstrated increased stress for caregivers compared with comparison parents (PSI-SF total score of 83 [SD = 26.8] vs 62.9 [SD = 13.5]; P < 0.01). Caregivers had increased anxiety (HADS anxiety score of 9.3 [SD = 4.8] vs 6.7 [SD = 3.2]; P = 0.02) and higher depression scores (HADS depression score of 6.3 [SD = 4.3] vs 4.1 [SD = 2.6]; P = 0.02) compared with the comparison group. Caregivers of children with IF demonstrated decreased health-related quality of life (HRQoL) (reduced PedsQL FIM total score of 50.6 [SD = 18.2] vs 84.1 [SD = 20.5]; P < 0.01). Our results demonstrated significant burden of care in caregivers of children with IF receiving long-term PN, with elevated stress, anxiety, and depression and decreased HRQoL.

To achieve successful learning, there are several components that need to be considered, one of which is motivation. Motivation is one of the essential components needed to achieve desired outcomes. The same applies to memorizing the Qur'an. Many theories from several experts address the concept of motivation, such as the well-known Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. This theory leans towards the content and process of learning, but fundamentally, it focuses on education and the ideal form of the learning process. This study aims to answer the following questions: (1) How is the analysis of the motivational needs hierarchy of students based on Abraham Maslow's theory in memorizing the Qur'an at Pondok Pesantren Nurul Furqon 3 Malang? (2) What are the implications of the students' motivation in memorizing the Qur'an at Pondok Pesantren Nurul Furqon 3 Malang? This research uses a qualitative descriptive approach with the research location at Pondok Pesantren Nurul Furqon 3 Malang. The research instrument is the researcher themselves, with data collection techniques through observation, interviews, and documentation. The data is analyzed using data condensation, data presentation, and conclusion drawing techniques. The process of data verification is done through source triangulation and technique triangulation. The results of this study show that the students at Pondok Pesantren Nurul Furqon 3 have various kinds of motivations. Some are intrinsic, driven by their own will, while others are extrinsic, influenced by external factors. However, when applied according to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, not all levels of needs must necessarily be fulfilled, although in the end, they will ultimately reach the peak, which is self-actualization.

This study focuses on the personal experiences and perceptions of non-custodial parents’ relationship with their children where the only contact is supervised. It explores the subjective experience, meanings and processes that non-custodial parents construct when faced with these circumstances. The data was collected through semi-structured interviews with nine supervised non-custodial parents in Malta. Using a methodological approach based on constructivist grounded theory, four main categories have emerged from these parents’ discourse which capture how and where perceptions of the non-custodial parent have changed. These relate to external influences, on being a parent, the parent and child relationship and concerns about future relating. The key issues that emerge show that supervised parents are very sensitive to external influences around them. These are often embodied in the presence of the supervisor who thus becomes part of a triadic relationship, with trust being a key determinant of how this relationship develops. Indirectly, supervised parents provide a profound definition of what being a parent is all about for them by also describing those factors which they consider important for a relationship with their child to develop. From this explorative study, a number of potential areas for related research emerge. Finally, and at a practical level, the study also serves to highlight those areas where improvement in supervision services is recommended for a better relationship between the parent and the child to be fostered.