Julian, Plutarch, and the Dangers of Self-Praise

Büyük Selçuklu Devleti sarayında Emîrüşşü‘arâ unvanıyla yarım asrı aşkın bir sürede bulunan Emîr Mu‘izzî (öl. 518-521/1124-1127), Selçuklu tarihi ve kültürü açısından önemli bir şahsiyettir. Sultan Alp Arslan’ın şairi olan babası Burhânî sayesinde çocukluğundan itibaren saray çevresinde yaşayan Mu‘izzî’nin 19.000 beyit civarındaki Dîvân’ı, bilhassa Melikşâh (öl. 485/1092), Berkyâruk (öl. 498/1104), Muhammed Tapar (öl. 511/1118) ve Sencer (öl. 552/1157) gibi Selçuklu sultanları, vezirler, emîrler ve devlet adamları için yazılmış şiirlerden oluşmaktadır. Onun şiirlerinde birçok tarihî şahsiyet hakkında bilgiye ulaşabilmek mümkündür. Bunların yanı sıra hayatına dair tarih kaynaklarında çok fazla ve detaylı malumat bulunmayan ve Mu‘izzî’nin, Dîvân’da adına övgüde bulunduğu şahsiyetlerden biri de daha çok Tâceddîn Seferiyye ya da Seferiyye Hâtun olarak bilinen Sultan Sencer’in ve Sultan Muhammed’in anneleri Tâceddîn Hâtun’dur (öl. 487/1094). Mu‘izzî’nin Dîvân’ında ve düşünce dünyasında Tâceddîn Hâtun’un ne şekilde yer aldığını tespite çalışmak birçok açıdan anlam yüklüdür. Bir yandan Mu‘izzî’nin, Tâceddîn Hâtun’u hangi özellikleri ve yönleri dolayısıyla eserine dâhil ettiği hakkında sonuçlara ulaşılabilecek, öte yandan Tâceddîn Hâtun’un edebî ve tarihî metinlerdeki varlığı hakkında bilgiler elde edilebilecektir. Böylece Mu‘izzî’nin Tâceddîn Hâtun methiyelerindeki beyanları ve bilgileri, bu alanda yapılan çalışmalara katkı sağlayacaktır.

There is some evidence from basic research with animals that increasing the rate of delivering a reinforcer serves to increase response rates. There have been very few applied studies which have investigated rate of delivering a reinforcer independent of other variables, especially with non-discrete or durational target behaviours. Reinforcement remains a central feature of training or intervention programmes with severely developmentally delayed clients. Yet the parameters of a reinforcer and the parameters of the reinforcement process have not been fully investigated. The purpose of the current research was to investigate the effects of delivering a functionally positive reinforcer at a high and very high rate on discrete and durational target behaviours with two severely developmentally delayed adults. The present research consisted of two single subject ABACAC within subject reversal design experiments. Trainers presented the onset of the different reinforcer delivery rate conditions in a multiple baseline across two tasks. Results in the first three conditions of Experiment 1 demonstrated that when initially delivered at an increased rate, verbal praise rate was a functionally positive reinforcer of accurate production rate and time spent in production When the rate of delivering praise was further increased, this increase was initially associated with a further increase, but a later decrease in target behaviours. All target (production) behaviours became more variable with Client employee 1 and the function of the positive reinforcer did not remain stable when delivered at its highest rate. A correlational analysis of some of the data in the very frequent praise conditions did not support a positive proportional relationship between delivery rate of the reinforcer and either of the target behaviours. Results during the first three conditions of Experiment 2 also demonstrated that an increased rate of verbal praise was a functionally positive reinforcer of accurate production rate and time in production. When the rate of verbal praise was further increased, this increased rate was associated with maintaining, but not further increasing accurate production rates. Further increasing the rate of verbal praise was associated with decreases in time spent in production. Only one of the target behaviours became more variable with Client employee 2 when praise was delivered at a very frequent rate. A correlational analysis of some of the data in the very frequent praise conditions offered partial support for a positive proportional relationship between rate of delivering the reinforcer and the target behaviours. Although reinforcer delivery rate was associated with different specific effects across the two Client employees, the reinforcing function of verbal praise did not remain stable when delivered at different rates across both individuals. It was concluded that it cannot reliably be predicted that a reinforcer delivered at one rate will continue to reinforce at a higher rate across all behaviours. This result is discussed in light of previous related research and the parameters of the reinforcement process. The specific effects obtained across the two Client employees are discussed with reference to contributing experimental factors and possible functional accounts of the effects. Suggestions for future research are made.

The tradition of puji-pujian (praise) before praying in congregation conducted by the Muslim community in Indonesia is a unique tradition that is not carried out by Muslim communities abroad. This tradition has been going on since the Walisongo era until now. In its development, the tradition has undergone many changes. Lately, this puji-pujian (praise) tradition that was recited in many regional language poems has been replaced by modern sholawat. In fact, the praise tradition was initially a medium of da’wah to invite, to advise, and to teach religious values to the public. This means that its function becomes reduced. Associated with the existence of a large enemy, called corruption, which has damaged the order of life of the nation and state, the author tries to analyze the possibility to optimize the praise tradition before praying in congregation as a medium of da’wah and prevention of corruption. In this study, the author uses direct observation method to the practice of the implementation of the Muslim praise traditions in the areas of Cilacap, Central Java, and Sukabumi-Cianjur, West Java.

Why do some leaders use praise as a means to motivate workers, while other leaders use social punishment? This paper develops a simple economic model to examine how leadership styles depend on the prevailing labor-market conditions for workers. We show that the existence of a binding wage floor for workers (e.g., due to trade union wage bargaining, minimum-wage legislation, or limited-liability protection) can make it attractive for firms to hire a leader who makes use of social punishment. While the use of social punishments generally is socially inefficient, it lessens the need for high bonus pay, which allows the firm to extract rents from the worker. In contrast, firms hire leaders who provide praise to workers only if it is socially efficient to do so. Credible use of leadership styles requires either repeated interaction or a leader with the right social preferences. In a single-period setting, only moderately altruistic leaders use praise as a motivation tool, whereas only moderately spiteful leaders use social punishment. Lastly, we show that when the leaders' and workers' reservation utilities give rise to a bigger income gap between leaders and workers, attracting spiteful leaders becomes relatively less costly and unfriendly leadership becomes more prevalent.

The purpose of this study to describes about language politeness, violation of language politeness, language politeness strategy and the marker of language politeness of class VIII students’ at SMP Negeri 01 Bengkulu Utara. This research uses qualitative method. The sources of research data obtained based on the students’ conversation during the learning process, while the research data is recording students’ conversations in the classroom. Data analysis techniques through some stages; (1) Researchers make the recording during the learning process. Conversations recorded in the classroom, there is no limited to specific learning materials, but each learning process in the class room. (2) The researcher copy the recorded conversations into written form. (3) Transcribed data was grouped based on conversations between students-students and students-teachers. (4) The data analysis using the principles of politeness developed by Leech, namely maxim of wisdom, maxim of generosity, maxim of praise, maxim of consent, maxim of generosity and maxim of sympathy. (5) The research conclusions are based on data that has been processed or analyzed. Based on the results of the research (1) The fulfillment of SMPN 01 Bengkulu Utara's language companionship based on Leech's theory found six maxims of politeness in the learning process: maxim of wisdom, maxim of generosity, maxim of praise, maxim of humility, maxim of consent and maxim of sympathy. (2) Violations of students' language politeness are found in maxim of praise, while the other five maxims are not found in violation of politeness. (3) Positive language politeness strategy consists of: giving promise and giving approval. Negative politeness strategies consist of: Demonstrating pessimism, minimizing coercion, asking for forgiveness and impersonal use, and (4) The language modesty markers in the findings of this study are: linguistic markers of politeness and committers. Keywords: politeness, strategy, bookmark, student

An experiment tested a need-for-self-esteem notion that people inflate self-appraisals of ability, deny criticism, and overrespond to praise. Actors and bystanders rated actors' performances on a nonobjective task after hearing the performance praised or criticized or before hearing it evaluated. No evidence of self-enhancement was found; to the contrary, actors compared to bystanders rated themselves harshly, lowered their ratings after criticism equally, and showed relief after praise. A second experiment compared actor and bystander ratings of actors who expected evaluation of their performances or who expected no evaluation. Results suggested self-derogation by actors as a defense against possible loss of self-esteem.

A Wreathed garland of deserved praise, 1 Of praise deserved, unto thee I give, I give to thee, who knowest all my wayes, My crooked winding wayes, wherein I live, Wherein I die, not live: for life is straight, 5 Straight as a line, and ever tends to thee, To thee, who art more farre above deceit, Then deceit seems above simplicitie. Give. me simplicities that I may live, So live and like, that I may know, thy wayes, 10 Know them and practise them: then shall I give For this poore wreath, give thee a crown of praise.'

nThis article will investigate how Coetzee's white male characters confront their pasts that revolve around abuse of power in both familial relations and the community. For a long time, Coetzee has been in a difficult position regarding his literary identity. He is both criticized and praised by many people about his writings. In this article, I will be investigating how he draws both praise and criticism in the way he constructs white male identity. It is possible that many of these critics do not agree with the writer's construction of both African and white identities. Coetzee was required to betray his ancestors and oppose the white male dominance. I will determine whether he chose either of them. It is a known fact that none of Coetzee novels were banned by the Apartheid regime. The most probable reason that is often cited by many of his critics is that he was politically correct. An investigation of his representation of white hegemony might put to rest this criticism. Furthermore, it is important to understand his stand against white supremacy at a time many of his colleagues from the civil rights movement were writing about equality and human rights. I will investigate how the characters of his novels feel influenced by those who exercise power in the society. Most importantly, I will examine how masculine identities in the novels fit in the wider society and how they respond to changing power structures because they influence their behavior. My objective is to investigate whether Coetzee ascribed to the patriarchal Boer societal values that marginalized both women and servants into silence. Since masculine discourse is recurring in his other works, it is both an ideological and political discourse representing oppression and colonialism.

To that Beneficial Farming result (literally ‘to that cattle-culture profit’), (and) to the Praise (i.e. to the Celebrated Service), do I devote my desire (i.e. do I turn my prayers). Which is (i.e. the above means): toward the Praise of the good seed (having the prospect of future beneficial results in cattle-breeding and harvest in view, do I turn my prayers). [It is (above all and as including the above) quite necessary to turn (our desiring prayers) toward the Dēn (possibly meaning ‘in accordance with the Dēn’), and toward the profitable (result). From that on they should make it their own (or meaning ‘do it (?) of themselves’)], (2) [even toward it (the beneficial result; see above), let us devote our desiring prayers] with the concurrence of Aši (as the Consideration of Recompense, and as the representation of wealth for the reward) [of themselves it is necessary so to act (or ‘it is necessary to make that their own’), when they would accomplish the Priestly course of Studies prescribed by Aši (as the Venerating Recognition of the Recompense); also to it, the Profit and the Service, they should offer their desiring prayers] with the concurrence of Perfect Thinking (i.e. with Perfect Reflection and Investigation the above indicated course of action is to be pursued) [when (meaning ‘in case that’) they should completely carry out a course of Priestly Studies (in reference to the duties of the Sanctuary, and to Agriculture as sanctified by the Religion of the State)].

The beginning words for human actions and traditional theological literature are important to understand aim of actions or literature. These expressions are used to shelter to God by abstaining from Satan (istiazah), in the name of God (basmalah), to praise prophet and his companions (salat and salam). In addition, when theologians begin writing their works, they usually praise the current political authorities in order to become close to them.

The difficulty that Ellis had is one that all of his commentators should share. All the defects that Bacon exhibited contribute to the riddle: why did generations of serious thinkers of all sorts praise him so liberally? Ellis was convinced that there must be some just reason to this praise. He could not find it.

The verses of the Noble Qur’an are the secret of the beauty of Arabic, and its striking charm, where we notice the beauty of his portrayal and the beauty of his expression of huge issues and connotations in a space in which it is impossible for humans to express such purposes in the broadest and most accurate expression with the strange harmony between a statement and its meaning, as is the case of the verses where The poets were criticized and praised, We stood on the secret of miracles in the diversity of the Qur’anic vocabulary that had a prominent role in depicting the Qur’anic meaning, and the linguistic and semantic secrets it contained, as well as the structures that were built from them and the methods in which they were used to clarify their purposes and the purpose for which they were directed, and that is in two sections, The first group deals with the discussion of Qur’anic vocabulary in two groups: the first one talked about the names that are mentioned in them, and the second one: the actual formulas in which they are used. As for the second section: the types of the Qur’anic sentence are separated into two groups, the first: in the defamation of poets, and the second in praising of the poets. Then a conclusion that summarized what have been mentioned.

The theme of resistance or resistance becomes something of interest to social scientists. In the late 1980s, resistance became a trend in examining cases that were easily observable and empirical. For social researchers, resistance is regarded as cultural, because it arises through the expression and daily actions of society. Analysis of own resistance to a phenomenon many see the things that exist in the daily life of the form of stories, themes of conversation, swearing, and praise the praise and other behaviors so that resistance becomes tit for tat in social scholarship. Attitude is one of the main concept of concern in the science of social psychology. Attitude is also an internal / subjective evaluation process that takes place within a person and can not be observed directly, but can be seen if the attitude has been realized into behavior

The objective of this research is to describe the types of speech acts employed by entertainment service users ( penanggap ) and performers in negotiation for Javanese karawitan art entertainment service procurement in Surakarta and its vicinity. Historically the regions of Surakarta included Solo,Sukoharjo, Klaten, Boyolali, Sragen, Karanganyar and Wonogiri. Communities living in Sukoharjo, Wonogiri, Sragen, and Karanganyar are the ones, which most frequently use Javanese karawitan entertainment services, and therefore the regions were chosen as the locations of this research. This research used the pragmatic approach. The data of the research were validated and analyzed by using the ethnographic analysis claimed by Spradley (1980:103) through some modified stages, namely: (1) making ethnographic records; (2) domain analysis; (3) taxonomical analysis; (4) componential analysis; and (5) cultural-theme analysis. The speech acts used by penanggap and performers in negotiation for Javanese karawitan entertainment service procurement are expressives, assertives, directives, commissives, and declaratives. In detail, 389 utterances are found as speech acts: 130 of which are assertives with the sub-speech acts of ‘ acknowledging’ , ‘declaring’ , ‘reporting’ , ‘ notifying’ , ‘ explaining’ , ‘ agreeing’ , ‘ concluding’ ; 27 of them belong to expressives with the sub-speech acts of ‘ saluting’ , ‘ apologizing’ , ‘ praising’ , ‘ thanking’ , ‘ blaming’ , ‘ expecting’ , ‘ allowing’ ; 108 utterances are directives with the sub-speech acts of ‘ requesting , ‘ asking’ , ‘ suggesting’ , ‘ advising’ , ‘ ordering’ , ‘ commanding’ ; 77 utterances are declaratives with the sub-speech acts of ‘ convincing’ , ‘ affirming’ , ‘ deciding’ ; and 47 utterances are commissives with the sub-speech acts of; ‘ refusing’ , ‘ bargaining’ , ‘ promising’ , ‘ prohibiting’ . Penanggap and public who intend to have such an amusement are suggested to be smart when doing negotiation. Penanggap may invite such entertainment with low cost through great bargaining strategies. The performers, management of art groups, and their members are suggested not to leave behind the politeness principles when having negotiation. Keywords : Speech act, negotiation, entertainment service users ( Penanggap ), performers, entertainment services.

There are some ambiguities about the status of women in Islam, andthis paper studies exemplary women in the holy Koran by content analysis, referringto valid interpretations. Its basic questions include: Koran’s method in introducingmodels, gender roles in Koran, and Koran’s criteria and modeling principles aboutexemplary women. The findings demonstrate that the Koran has acted very preciselyto introduce models based on certain criteria. Koran uses the term “osveh”for “model” and discusses two kinds of models: positive and negative ones; and explainstheir characteristics and behaviors in a creative manner. Most of the requiredvirtues stated in the holy Koran are common or similar for both genders, and someother virtues are embodied in women examples. The most significant of them isMary who is praised as a very great human being, a believer and also a sign of Godfor all believers including men. Koran mentions that gender is not an obstacle forhaving freewill and independence in making decisions; and presents two womenas examples for freewill; even though they usually are under greater pressure thanmen. The holy Koran concentrates on two virtues for all: standing against oppressionand leading a pious life; and introduces two women as role models with suchvirtues, not men. Furthermore, the Koran introduces and praises a female governorwho takes a different approach from men in governing a country and successfullymanages complex issues such as war and peace. Instead of confronting the armyof King Solomon, she took a diplomatic approach. Regarding women’s gender roles,motherhood and women’s role as a wife is greatly emphasized. In this regard, theholy Koran underlines the pivotal role of moving towards the right path; a womanaccompanying her husband in this path is a perfect spouse, and on the contrary, awoman should not obey or accompany her husband if he is going astray. Furthermore,regarding motherhood, the holy Koran mentions mothers’ suffering and theirlove and protection for their children under the most severe conditions.