Journal of International Economy and Global Governance

With the continuous breakthrough and innovation of artificial intelligence technology, the demand for diversified and multi-level compound intelligent manufacturing talents keeps growing. However, the current pace of intelligent manufacturing talent education in colleges and universities is still difficult to keep up with the advances in science and technology in the context of the new generation of artificial intelligence. This work conducted visual research of the literature on artificial intelligence in the field of manufacturing. All the literature was retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection and divided into three periods (1979–1994, 1995–2007 and 2008–2021) according to the fluctuation of literature volume. Bibliometric and content analysis of the related literature during these periods were conducted to track the hotspots and trend of artificial intelligence in the field of manufacturing. The results showed that the internet of things, deep learning, cyber physical systems and smart manufacturing have been the new research hotspots. Finally, a series of suggestions were given for the sustainable education of intelligent manufacturing talents in the context of the new generation of artificial intelligence. This work may provide references for the construction of sustainable education systems for intelligent manufacturing talents in the context of the new generation of artificial intelligence.

Assessing Bone Age: A Paradigm for the Next Generation of Artificial Intelligence in Radiology.

The object of this research is the impact of technological changes on the dynamics of economic development of enterprises. The main hypothesis is the assumption of the presence of such an impact for a significant number of companies. The implementation of this research made it possible to make a certain contribution to the process of solving the problem of finding ways to accelerate the economic development of business entities. At the same time, technological changes were divided into three groups, namely: resource-saving; changes that ensure the improvement of the quality of the enterprise's products; changes that ensure the improvement of management, sales and other processes at enterprises. A methodological approach to assessing the impact of technological changes on the dynamics of economic development of companies was also developed. This approach involves the implementation of two main methods of assessment, namely: establishing the presence or absence of such an impact and determining the magnitude of the impact of technological changes on the dynamics of economic development of enterprises. The testing of the developed tool on a sample of industrial enterprises showed that the impact of technological changes on the dynamics of their economic development exists and is statistically significant. At the same time, the average impact of technological changes on the growth of financial results of enterprises is quite high. In particular, the average values of the indicator of the impact of technological changes on the net profit of those enterprises that have undergone at least two types of such changes, by type of economic activity, range from 11.25% to 13.32%. Since a significant number of the enterprises studied have not carried out technological changes in recent years, at least some of these enterprises may have significant potential to accelerate their economic development. The developed toolkit for assessing the impact of technological changes on the dynamics of economic development of enterprises can be used to establish the presence and extent of such an impact both at the level of an individual company and at the industry level. This will allow owners and managers of enterprises to increase the validity of the strategies for technological renewal of these enterprises.

The purpose of this paper is to compare the two major types of formalization strategies through the disambiguation of natural language textual ambiguities. The method is: The first step is to select the same text. Using poetry as an example, two types of formal strategies are used to resolve the ambiguities that exist. The second step is to analyze the limitations of the first formal path, at the same time, using traditional artificial intelligence methods and a new generation of artificial intelligence. The third step is to use the double-word board tools and methods to do the same thing. The result is that using the first path, whether based on rules (traditional artificial intelligence methods) or on statistical and machine learning, especially deep learning (a new generation of artificial intelligence methods), only local solutions can be obtained; With the checkerboard tools and methods, the overall solution can be obtained. This shows the unique advantages of the second path. Its significance lies in: using the double-word chessboard tool and method (second path) can solve the common problems faced by traditional artificial intelligence and new generation of artificial intelligence, and how to eliminate the ambiguity of natural language texts. The most important thing is that it has a new role. The most typical is to construct a knowledge base of the subject through the acquisition of knowledge and formal expression of experts, so as to gradually resolve a series of ambiguities between natural language (text) processing and formalized understanding.

The first generation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Medicine methods were developed in the early 1970's drawing on insights about problem solving in AI. They developed new ways of representing structured expert knowledge about clinical and biomedical problems using causal, taxonomic, associational, rule, and frame-based models. By 1975, several prototype systems had been developed and clinically tested, and the Rutgers Research Resource on Computers in Biomedicine hosted the first in a series of workshops on AI in Medicine that helped researchers and clinicians share their ideas, demonstrate their models, and comment on the prospects for the field. These developments and the workshops themselves benefited considerably from Stanford's SUMEX-AIM pioneering experiment in biomedical computer networking. This paper focuses on discussions about issues at the intersection of medicine and artificial intelligence that took place during the presentations and panels at the First Rutgers AIM Workshop in New Brunswick, New Jersey from June 14 to 17, 1975.

Although the concept of “AI governance” is frequently used in the debate, it is still rather undertheorized. Often it seems to refer to the mechanisms and structures needed to avoid “bad” outcomes and achieve “good” outcomes with regard to the ethical problems artificial intelligence is thought to actualize. In this article we argue that, although this outcome-focused view captures one important aspect of “good governance,” its emphasis on effects runs the risk of overlooking important procedural aspects of good AI governance. One of the most important properties of good AI governance is political legitimacy. Starting out from the assumptions that AI governance should be seen as global in scope and that political legitimacy requires at least a democratic minimum, this article has a twofold aim: to develop a theoretical framework for theorizing the political legitimacy of global AI governance, and to demonstrate how it can be used as a compass for critially assessing the legitimacy of actual instances of global AI governance. Elaborating on a distinction between “governance by AI” and “governance of AI” in relation to different kinds of authority and different kinds of decision-making leads us to the conclusions that much of the existing global AI governance lacks important properties necessary for political legitimacy, and that political legitimacy would be negatively impacted if we handed over certain forms of decision-making to artificial intelligence systems.

Almost no attention has been given to the expanding governmental diversity in participants in global governance that has been stimulated by the impact of technological change on the global range of human activities. The global reach of parliamentarians of States has roots in formation of the International Parliamentarian Union in 1889, and that of local governments in founding of the International Union of Local Authorities in 1913. This article first provides a brief overview of the inter-State organizations developed by each, with emphasis on those global in scope. This followed by a brief overview of their present involvement in the United Nations system. When considering the possible future involvement of these two actors in global governance, the creation of both a Parliamentary Assembly and a Congress of Local and Regional Authorities in the forty-seven member Council of Europe merits serious attention. A widely shared goal of both inter-State organizations of parliamentarians and local governments strengthening local self-government and local influence on global governance. KEYWORDS: interstate organizations, parliamentarians, UN system, global governance, local governments. ********** THE IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE ON THE TERRITORIAL REACH OF transportation, communication, manufacturing, investment, mining, warfare, and other human activities has resulted in dynamic changes in those involved in global governance. This article focuses on changes in global governance caused by extension of the territorial reach of problems on the agendas of States and local governments. (1) In recent years, international relations scholars have begun liberating themselves from their state-centered view of global governance and are expanding their perspective to include other actors. Considerable attention now given to NGOs/civil society, and some to business. (2) In 2004, the Panel of Eminent Persons on United Nations-Civil Society Relations took a much broader view in the Cardoso Report, when it emphasized that all constituencies relevant to an issue should be included in global governance, including parliamentarians and local authorities, because it is not only essential for effective action on global priorities but also a protection against further erosion of multilateralism. More systematic engagement of parliamentarians national parliaments and local authorities in the United Nations would strengthen global governance, confront democratic deficits in intergovernmental affairs, buttress representational democracy and connect the United Nations better with global opinion. (3) It very significant that, in addition to civil society and the private sector (business), this report to an organization in which governments of States are represented by members of their executive branch includes two other governmental actors. They offer a very interesting contrast. The parliamentarians are a branch of governments of States, included because their agendas increasingly involve issues that range across State borders. The local authorities are governments of territories within States that are also included because their agendas also increasingly involve issues that range across State borders. Thus governmental diversity now on the global governance agenda. The following overview of interstate organizations of parliamentarians of States and of local governments will challenge readers to realize that global governance ever more complicated and does not only involve the UN system and organizations involved in the UN system. After that overview, we will look at the escalating participation of parliamentarians of States and local governments in the UN system. It hoped that these descriptions, taken together, will enable global governance scholars to perceive them and thereby include them in their research agenda. They should also provide those involved with a useful overview of their involvement in global governance. …

Global financial governance refers to the way in which global financial affairs are managed. As there is no global government, global financial governance typically involves a range of actors including states, as well as regional and international organizations aimed at negotiating responses to problems that affect more than one state or region, far from only providing the public good of financial stability through global economy integration and global financial legislation. In geopolitical context of the 21st century, emerging economies still have maintained a low profile in global financial governance, despite their growing economic power and the rhetoric of being a responsible great power, and there is little evidence that they will seek international leadership. Moreover, compared to the other emerging powers in the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) group, China has under-participated in global governance in terms of contributing personnel, finance and ideas to major multilateral institutions and programs. It is really an interesting question in international economics and politics area. Firstly, this paper examines comparative data on the emerging economies countries’ participation in global financial governance and explains the reason why China has relatively low involvement in global financial governance. Secondly, this paper analyzes norms and legitimacy in global financial governance, and thus outlines the emerging economies constraints on public policy of global financial market integration in the light of the foregoing analysis of legitimacy, accountability and democracy. Finally, some global financial governance development strategy and possible policy solutions are discussed as well.

7 - Computers versus brains: Challenges of sustainable artificial and biological intelligence

Generating the format of the article to determine the feasibility of the procedure for covering artificial intelligence (AI) as it becomes popular as a terminology on the problem of levelling vocational education. Stabilization of the procedure involving artificial intelligence (AI), i.e. creative implementation of the vocational education industry in the form of the level of acquisition of a working profession in the field of vocational education. Accordingly, the optimization and professionalism of the advantages of artificial intelligence (AI) in relation to the aspect of the level of professional development and strengthening of the vocational industry in the format of the educational sector in relation to the direction of finding effective mechanisms for developing the content of the application of the quality of professional training in order to improve the level of competence of students. The line of the ability to fulfill the tasks of the educational process during the nominal activities of the level of vocational education with the use of artificial intelligence (AI), respectively, considers the possibility of nominal implementation of methodological proposals, that is, in the course of attracting the creativity of the educational perspective in the field of vocational education. Accordingly, industry activities in the format of improving the level of the educational process with a cascade flow in solving problems, that is, solutions in the context of attracting modern technologies. Optimization and creative advantages during the influence and generation of the industry during the acquisition of professional education, which is significantly synchronized with the concept of prospects and the effectiveness of the involvement of artificial intelligence (AI). The correct procedure for applying in the nominal range of educational fields and creative methodological proposals, that is, improving the level of inferential reduction of preventive measures with the involvement of the format of professional training towards artificial intelligence (AI). The connecting link along with artificial intelligence (AI) nominally applied in the field of autonomy is optimization and creative advantages during the influence and generation of the vocational education industry and, accordingly, statistics of social reality and expanding access to artificial intelligence (AI), that is, the combination with the level of intelligence of students and the duality of the introduction of automated processes of artificial intelligence (AI).

A new generation of artificial intelligence is currently in full swing and red. Behind the fiery, there is not only the inevitable development of technology but also the promotion of massive funds. There are also people’s eager anticipation for the liberation of mental labor. Of course, there are more media followers. Behind the fiery phenomenon of artificial intelligence, philosophers should calmly view this craze from the perspective of philosophy, not only to follow the trend, to welcome the arrival of the new information revolution, but also to treat artificial intelligence scientifically and dialectically, and not blindly follow the trend. Artificial intelligence is neither as cute as the optimists say nor as terrible as pessimists say. Artificial intelligence is neither a myth nor a joke but requires us to tell the truth. There is a close relationship between philosophy and artificial intelligence, and the two promote each other’s development and progress under the interaction. The development of artificial intelligence has had a profound impact on people’s working methods and lifestyles, and played an important role in promoting social change. In order to better utilize the social application potential of artificial intelligence, relevant staff should analyze the artificial intelligence from the perspective of philosophy. This paper conducts a dialectical analysis of the reasons for the connection between philosophy and artificial intelligence and the mutual promotion between the two, and how to strengthen the interaction between philosophy and artificial intelligence.

This dissertation focuses on the impact of technological changes on workers based onthe task-based model. In the first chapter, I first investigate the impacts of two types of technologies on employment and job choices in the directed search model. The relationship between technology and labor with respect to complementarity and substitutability defines technology as labor-augmenting and labor-saving. Progress of labor-augmenting technology mainly works in jobs hiring highly-skilled workers in positive ways while labor-saving technological development affects jobs with middle-skilled workers in destructive ways during the last two decades in KLIPS data. The consequence of technological advances intensifies the advantage of highly skilled workers relative to unskilled workers. Then, the second part examines how employment and the adoption of new technology are affected if workers raise their skill level in response to technological changes. Two possible scenarios predict the results of an increasing supply of high-skilled workers. When firms voluntarily control the skill requirements, it causes the incidence of overqualification that increases the earning inequality, and labor-saving technologies worsen the problem in routine task jobs. However, technology innovation is accelerated. The price adjustment can naturally correct the oversupply of the highly skilled by changing the incentive to move up the job ladder. It is carried out through the reduced dispersion of technical developments and therefore decreased earning gap across tasks. In the second chapter, I examine how differently routine-biased technological changes affect unskilled workers by their innate ability and work experience. This chapter answers why some workers keep their jobs and others do not when labor-saving technologies take the worker’s role over. To focus on routine-biased technological changes, it covers high school graduates who might have either routine or manual tasks in the United States. In a random search model, workers follow the Nash bargaining wage to choose where to apply. Since the wage depends on productivity that varies by their innate ability and work experience, workers’ job search is delimited by their characteristics. The model simulates the impact of routine-biased technological changes with falling labor productivity in routine tasks, leading to wages dropping and routine jobs decreasing. From the lowest ability, those who were in the routine task sector are crowded out. The unemployment rate of unskilled workers increases even though more manual jobs are created due to lower wages. Work experience makes those who are exposed to a risk of separation survive. It distinguishes the high unemployment rate of

With the rise of big data revolution, a new generation of artificial intelligence (AI) is gaining momentum and the AI era will come strongly. However, the accounting profession is also showing a booming trend in colleges and universities, which, as the main base of higher education talent training, also undertake a considerable part of the task of training accounting talents. As traditional accounting is gradually replaced, finance professionals are being forced to gradually change to management talents. In the information era, how to realize the transformation of talent cultivation mode of financial management professionals, how to use modern technology to realize the deep integration of AI and education teaching, and how to realize the innovation of intelligent classroom teaching mode are the challenges facing the innovation of applied talent cultivation mode in colleges and universities. The article combines the changes brought by AI to the accounting industry, analyzes the current situation of accounting talent cultivation mode in colleges and universities, sorts out the challenges brought by AI to college accounting talent cultivation, and proposes that the college accounting talent cultivation mode should be further improved in terms of talent cultivation structure, cultivation plan and goal, and cultivation ideas and methods. The experimental results show that the average application time of AI basic scheduling algorithm is 1.47 h shorter than that without AI basic scheduling algorithm, which can not only increase the total number of tasks in a planned and controlled way but also ensure the effective reduction of the whole task running time in the platform. Therefore, the AI-based innovative accounting talents cultivation model in colleges and universities, exploring an excellent new model for cultivating innovative talents in accounting professions, enables the innovative accounting talents cultivated in schools to meet the needs of society and enhance their irreplaceability.

China’s Techno-Economic Statecraft Amid US-China Strategic Rivalry: AI and the “New Whole-State System”

Intelligence Science is an interdisciplinary subject which dedicates to joint research on basic theory and technology of intelligence by brain science, cognitive science, artificial intelligence and others. Mind modeling is the core of intelligence science. Here mind means a series of cognitive abilities, which enable individuals to have consciousness, sense the outside world, think, make judgment, and remember things. The mind model consciousness and memory (CAM) is proposed by the Intelligence Science Laboratory. The CAM model is a framework for artificial general intelligence and will lead the development of a new generation of artificial intelligence. This paper will outline the age of intelligence, mind model CAM, brain computer integration.