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Abstract
We demonstrate that Josephson devices with a nontrivial phase difference 0 < φg < π in the ground state can be realized in structures composed of longitudinally oriented normal metal (N) and ferromagnet (F) films in the weak link region. Oscillatory coupling across the F-layer makes the first harmonic in the current–phase relation relatively small, while coupling across the N-layer provides a negative sign of the second harmonic. To derive quantitative criteria for a φ-junction, we have solved the two-dimensional boundary-value problem in the frame of Usadel equations for overlap and ramp geometries of S–NF–S structures. Our numerical estimates show that φ-junctions can be fabricated using up-to-date technology.
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