JAKOŚĆ I WŁAŚCIWOŚCI PRZECIWUTLENIAJĄCE MIODÓW Z TERENÓW ZURBANIZOWANYCH

Honey is a natural, sweet, and aromatic product that largely depends on its floral source. These properties may be associated with honey's high osmolarity, antibacterial properties, and antioxidant capacity. Honey quality is primarily determined by its sensory, chemical, physical, and microbiological characteristics. The aim of this study was to determine the total polyphenol and flavonoid content, as well as the antioxidant activity, of ethanol extracts obtained from five types of honey sourced from Mo-rocco. The study included five types of honey from Morocco: orange blossom, carob, jujube, cactus, and oregano. Total poly-phenol content was determined using the Folin-Ciocâlteu method, flavonoid content by the sodium nitrite method, and the an-tioxidant activity of the extracts was assessed by the DPPH IC₅₀ method. The results showed a correlation between polyphenol and flavonoid content and antioxidant capacity. Additionally, the highest extract concentration needed to reach IC₅₀ was ob-served for the jujube honey extract obtained by agitation and the orange blossom extract obtained by ultrasonication.

The aim of the present study was to examine the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of 21 types of honey derived from Mount Olympus (Mt. Olympus), a region with great plant biodiversity. The antibacterial activity was examined against the growth of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) by the agar well diffusion assay and the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The antioxidant activity was assessed by using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS•+) free radical scavenging assays. These activities were compared to Manuka honey which is used as an alternative medicine. The results revealed that all tested honey types exhibited antibacterial activity against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. The MIC of the tested honey types against S. aureus ranged from 3.125 to 12.5% (v/v), while MIC of Manuka honey was determined to be 6.25% (v/v). The MIC values of the tested honey types against P. aeruginosa ranged from 6.25 to 12.5% (v/v) and the MIC of Manuka honey was determined at 12.5% (v/v). Moreover, the results suggested that the presence of hydrogen peroxide and proteinaceous compounds in the honey types accounted, at least in part, for the antibacterial activity. In addition, the total polyphenolic content (TPC) of the honey types seemed to contribute to the antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa. Furthermore, some of the tested honey types exhibited potent free radical scavenging activity against DPPH and ABTS•+ radicals, which was greater than that of Manuka honey. The results indicated that not only the quantity, but also the quality of the polyphenols were responsible for the antioxidant activity. Moreover, four honey types exhibiting great antioxidant activity were converted to powder using a freeze drying method. The results indicated that following conversion to powder all honey types, apart from one, retained their antioxidant activity, although their TPC was reduced. On the whole, and at least to the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first that extensively examined the bioactivities of different types of honey derived from Mt. Olympus.

The article presents the results of studies of freeze-drying of various types of honey. The purpose of the research was to determine the optimal parameters for the freeze-drying of honey. The physical and chemical parameters of three types of honey produced in the East Kazakhstan region were previously studied. The results showed that the studied prototypes meet the regulatory requirements for the quality of natural honey. It has been established that in terms of moisture content, sunflower honey differs from mountain honey and sweet clover (15 %, 17.3 % and 17.2 %, respectively), and also contains a high amount of reducing sugars (87.9 %), however, the mass fraction of sucrose is 2.5 %. It is noted that the highest content of sucrose in mountain honey is 4.5 %. The diastase number is an indicator of the quality and naturalness of honey and, according to the requirements of GOST, should be at least 8 Gote units, the results show that the studied samples of honey contain from 13.1 to 15.1 units, which confirms the influence of the geographical origin of honey. According to the value of water activity, all types of honey are products with low humidity and long-term storage. The optimal technological modes of freeze-drying of honey have been established, which range from minus 30 °C to minus 40 °C degrees.

Fir honeydew honey is a uniquely beneficial product which is often subjected to adulteration; however, pollen analysis is not useful to verify this honey type. Fourteen samples of EU protected designation of origin fir honeydew honey gathered directly from apiaries were studied. Standards of legal requirements and additional parameters, i.e., specific optical rotation, mineral content, and antioxidant activity, were tested. Five nectar honeys of different varieties were used as a comparative material. HPTLC and SDS-PAGE methods were used to fingerprint the honey types. All honeys tested fulfilled the quality requirements in terms of water content, pH, total acidity, conductivity, HMF, and diastase number. They were defined as dark amber on the Pfund scale and exhibited positive specific rotation (+2.5 to 25). Honeydew honey surpassed the tested nectar honeys in terms of mineral content and antioxidant activity as well as total polyphenolic content, except for buckwheat honey. The sugar and polyphenolic profile obtained by HPTLC allowed to distinguish honeydew from nectar honeys. The same was achieved by SDS-PAGE protein profiling. Both techniques seem to be cheap and quick tools for precisely distinguishing honeydew honey.

Sugars and amino acids are major classes of organic components in atmospheric fine particles and play important roles in atmospheric processes. However, the identification of their sources in different regions is less explored. To characterize local primary sources (biomass burning, plant and soil sources) and evaluate their contributions to the total sugar compounds and AAs pool in different regions, fine particulate matter samples were collected from the urban, rural and forest locations. The concentrations and compositions of sugar compounds (anhydrosugars, primary sugars and sugar alcohols), free amino acids (FAAs) and combined amino acids (CAAs) were analyzed. Overall, the distribution pattern of sugar compounds and CAAs in PM2.5 was generally similar among the urban, rural and forest locations. Moreover, the average contribution of sugar compounds and CAAs reflecting BB, plant and soil sources to the total sugar and CAA pool were consistent in all sampling locations. These suggest BB, plant and soil sources all have important contributions to aerosol sugars and CAAs in three locations. In the urban area, the concentrations of anhydrosugars showed a positive correlation with combined Gly concentrations, but no correlation was found between these two compounds in the rural and forest areas, indicating that the urban area is mainly affected by local combustion sources, while the rural and forest areas may be more influenced by long-transport BB source. In addition, the average L/M ratio in the urban location (59.9) was much higher than those in the rural (6.9) and forest locations (7.2), implying BB aerosols collected in the urban location originated from lignite burning while the type of biofuels used in the rural and forest locations is mainly softwood. The concentrations of sugar alcohols in the rural and forest locations were positively correlated with that of CAAs, which are abundant in the topsoil, suggesting that the contribution of local topsoil sources is large in these two locations. In the rural area, the concentrations of primary sugars were positively correlated with that of combined aspartic acid (a CAA specie abundant in grass, the dominant vegetation in the rural area), while in the forest area, primary sugars had good correlations with combined citrulline, lysine, ornithine, glutamic acid and serine (CAA species abundant in pine, dominant vegetation in the forest area), indicating that combining primary sugars with major CAA species in local dominant vegetations may identify local vegetation types. Furthermore, the nitrogen isotope of combined Gly and PMF model results demonstrated that the average contribution of combustion processes to total sugar compounds and CAAs pool in the urban and rural locations was higher than that in the forest location while primary biogenic sources showed a higher average contribution in the forest location than those in rural and urban locations. Our findings suggest that combining specific sugar tracers and chemical profiles CAAs in local emission sources can provide insight to primary sources characteristics including the types of biofuels burned, the contribution of topsoil sources and local vegetation types.

Sugars and amino acids are major classes of organic components in atmospheric fine particles and play important roles in atmospheric processes. However, the identification of their sources in different regions is less explored. To characterize local primary sources (biomass burning, plant and soil sources) and evaluate their contributions to the total sugar compounds and AAs pool in different regions, fine particulate matter samples were collected from the urban, rural and forest locations. The concentrations and compositions of sugar compounds (anhydrosugars, primary sugars and sugar alcohols), free amino acids (FAAs) and combined amino acids (CAAs) were analyzed. Overall, the distribution pattern of sugar compounds and CAAs in PM2.5 was generally similar among the urban, rural and forest locations. Moreover, the average contribution of sugar compounds and CAAs reflecting BB, plant and soil sources to the total sugar and CAA pool were consistent in all sampling locations. These suggest BB, plant and soil sources all have important contributions to aerosol sugars and CAAs in three locations. In the urban area, the concentrations of anhydrosugars showed a positive correlation with combined Gly concentrations, but no correlation was found between these two compounds in the rural and forest areas, indicating that the urban area is mainly affected by local combustion sources, while the rural and forest areas may be more influenced by long-transport BB source. In addition, the average L/M ratio in the urban location (59.9) was much higher than those in the rural (6.9) and forest locations (7.2), implying BB aerosols collected in the urban location originated from lignite burning while the type of biofuels used in the rural and forest locations is mainly softwood. The concentrations of sugar alcohols in the rural and forest locations were positively correlated with that of CAAs, which are abundant in the topsoil, suggesting that the contribution of local topsoil sources is large in these two locations. In the rural area, the concentrations of primary sugars were positively correlated with that of combined aspartic acid (a CAA specie abundant in grass, the dominant vegetation in the rural area), while in the forest area, primary sugars had good correlations with combined citrulline, lysine, ornithine, glutamic acid and serine (CAA species abundant in pine, dominant vegetation in the forest area), indicating that combining primary sugars with major CAA species in local dominant vegetations may identify local vegetation types. Furthermore, the nitrogen isotope of combined Gly and PMF model results demonstrated that the average contribution of combustion processes to total sugar compounds and CAAs pool in the urban and rural locations was higher than that in the forest location while primary biogenic sources showed a higher average contribution in the forest location than those in rural and urban locations. Our findings suggest that combining specific sugar tracers and chemical profiles CAAs in local emission sources can provide insight to primary sources characteristics including the types of biofuels burned, the contribution of topsoil sources and local vegetation types.

Sugars and amino acids are major classes of organic components in atmospheric fine particles and play important roles in atmospheric processes. However, the identification of their sources in different regions is less explored. To characterize local primary sources (biomass burning, plant and soil sources) and evaluate their contributions to the total sugar compounds and AAs pool in different regions, fine particulate matter samples were collected from the urban, rural and forest locations. The concentrations and compositions of sugar compounds (anhydrosugars, primary sugars and sugar alcohols), free amino acids (FAAs) and combined amino acids (CAAs) were analyzed. Overall, the distribution pattern of sugar compounds and CAAs in PM2.5 was generally similar among the urban, rural and forest locations. Moreover, the average contribution of sugar compounds and CAAs reflecting BB, plant and soil sources to the total sugar and CAA pool were consistent in all sampling locations. These suggest BB, plant and soil sources all have important contributions to aerosol sugars and CAAs in three locations. In the urban area, the concentrations of anhydrosugars showed a positive correlation with combined Gly concentrations, but no correlation was found between these two compounds in the rural and forest areas, indicating that the urban area is mainly affected by local combustion sources, while the rural and forest areas may be more influenced by long-transport BB source. In addition, the average L/M ratio in the urban location (59.9) was much higher than those in the rural (6.9) and forest locations (7.2), implying BB aerosols collected in the urban location originated from lignite burning while the type of biofuels used in the rural and forest locations is mainly softwood. The concentrations of sugar alcohols in the rural and forest locations were positively correlated with that of CAAs, which are abundant in the topsoil, suggesting that the contribution of local topsoil sources is large in these two locations. In the rural area, the concentrations of primary sugars were positively correlated with that of combined aspartic acid (a CAA specie abundant in grass, the dominant vegetation in the rural area), while in the forest area, primary sugars had good correlations with combined citrulline, lysine, ornithine, glutamic acid and serine (CAA species abundant in pine, dominant vegetation in the forest area), indicating that combining primary sugars with major CAA species in local dominant vegetations may identify local vegetation types. Furthermore, the nitrogen isotope of combined Gly and PMF model results demonstrated that the average contribution of combustion processes to total sugar compounds and CAAs pool in the urban and rural locations was higher than that in the forest location while primary biogenic sources showed a higher average contribution in the forest location than those in rural and urban locations. Our findings suggest that combining specific sugar tracers and chemical profiles CAAs in local emission sources can provide insight to primary sources characteristics including the types of biofuels burned, the contribution of topsoil sources and local vegetation types.

Sugars and amino acids are major classes of organic components in atmospheric fine particles and play important roles in atmospheric processes. However, the identification of their sources in different regions is less explored. To characterize local primary sources (biomass burning, plant and soil sources) and evaluate their contributions to the total sugar compounds and AAs pool in different regions, fine particulate matter samples were collected from the urban, rural and forest locations. The concentrations and compositions of sugar compounds (anhydrosugars, primary sugars and sugar alcohols), free amino acids (FAAs) and combined amino acids (CAAs) were analyzed. Overall, the distribution pattern of sugar compounds and CAAs in PM2.5 was generally similar among the urban, rural and forest locations. Moreover, the average contribution of sugar compounds and CAAs reflecting BB, plant and soil sources to the total sugar and CAA pool were consistent in all sampling locations. These suggest BB, plant and soil sources all have important contributions to aerosol sugars and CAAs in three locations. In the urban area, the concentrations of anhydrosugars showed a positive correlation with combined Gly concentrations, but no correlation was found between these two compounds in the rural and forest areas, indicating that the urban area is mainly affected by local combustion sources, while the rural and forest areas may be more influenced by long-transport BB source. In addition, the average L/M ratio in the urban location (59.9) was much higher than those in the rural (6.9) and forest locations (7.2), implying BB aerosols collected in the urban location originated from lignite burning while the type of biofuels used in the rural and forest locations is mainly softwood. The concentrations of sugar alcohols in the rural and forest locations were positively correlated with that of CAAs, which are abundant in the topsoil, suggesting that the contribution of local topsoil sources is large in these two locations. In the rural area, the concentrations of primary sugars were positively correlated with that of combined aspartic acid (a CAA specie abundant in grass, the dominant vegetation in the rural area), while in the forest area, primary sugars had good correlations with combined citrulline, lysine, ornithine, glutamic acid and serine (CAA species abundant in pine, dominant vegetation in the forest area), indicating that combining primary sugars with major CAA species in local dominant vegetations may identify local vegetation types. Furthermore, the nitrogen isotope of combined Gly and PMF model results demonstrated that the average contribution of combustion processes to total sugar compounds and CAAs pool in the urban and rural locations was higher than that in the forest location while primary biogenic sources showed a higher average contribution in the forest location than those in rural and urban locations. Our findings suggest that combining specific sugar tracers and chemical profiles CAAs in local emission sources can provide insight to primary sources characteristics including the types of biofuels burned, the contribution of topsoil sources and local vegetation types.

The aim of the study was to compare the quality of multifloral honeys in relation to origin (domestic vs. foreign), and storage time (before vs. after the date of minimum durability) available on the Polish retail market. The study was conducted on 24 samples of multifloral honey, including domestic ones (i.e. originated directly from beekeepers in open-air markets, or purchased in a retail chain), and foreign (i.e. from inside or outside the EU) bought in hypermarkets. In addition, the study comprised 5 samples of honey after the date of minimum durability. The content of hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), diastase number (DN) and colour according to CIE L*a*b* were determined in honeys. In the fresh multifloral honeys (irrespective of origin) the content of 5-HMF ranged from 1.17 to 18.54 mg*kg-1, and DN ranged from 8.36 to 34.88. Thus all samples met the legal requirements (5-HMF<40 mg*kg-1 and DN<8 on the Schade scale). Significant (P=0.01) deterioration in the quality of the honey was noted after the date of minimum durability. The mean HMF content (93.87 mg*kg-1) was twice as high as the acceptable value, and the mean DN (6.45) was lower than the accepted limit. Significant differences (P=0.01) were noted between mean values for all colour coordinates considering the date of minimum durability. The colour of the honey after the date of minimum durability was significantly darker and had lower saturation (L*=43.18 and C*=21.23) than the fresh honey (L*=62.11 and C*=32.66).

Antioxidants are specific substances that oxidize themselves and in this way they protect other sensitive bioactive food components against destruction. At the same time, they restrict the activity of free radicals and change them to less active forms. Grapes and wine are a significant source of antioxidants in human nutrition. One of the most important group occuring in grapes and wines are polyphenols. Many of phenolic compounds have been reported to have multiple biological activities, including cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, antiviral and antibacterial properties attributed mainly to their antioxidant and antiradical activity. Therefore, it is important to know the content of polyphenols and their antioxidant effects in foods and beverages. Twenty-eight Cabernet Sauvignon wine samples, originated from different Slovak vineyard regions, were analyzed using spectrophotometry for the content of total polyphenols, content of total anthocyanins, antioxidant activity and wine colour density. Determined values of antioxidant activity in observed wines were within the interval 69.0 - 84.2% inhibition of DPPH (average value was 78.8% inhibition of DPPH) and total polyphenol content ranged from 1,218 to 3,444 mg gallic acid per liter (average content was 2,424 mg gallic acid.L-1). Determined total anthocyanin contents were from 68.6 to 430.7 mg.L-1 (average content was 220.6 mg.L-1) and values of wine colour density ranged from 0.756 to 2.782 (average value was 1.399). The statistical evaluation of the obtained results did not confirm any linear correlations between total polyphenol content, resp. total anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity. The correlations between total polyphenol content and total anthocyanin content, resp. the content of total anthocyanins and wine colour density were strong. The results confirmed very strong correlations between wine colour density and total polyphenol content, resp. antioxidant activity.

Abstract. Sugars and amino acids are major classes of organic components in atmospheric fine particles and play important roles in atmospheric processes. However, the identification of their sources in different regions is explored little. To characterize local primary sources (biomass burning, plant, and soil sources) and evaluate their contributions to the total sugar compound and amino acid (AA) pool in different regions, fine particulate matter samples were collected from the urban, rural, and forest areas in Nanchang, China. The concentrations and compositions of sugar compounds (anhydrosugars, primary sugars, and sugar alcohols), free amino acids (FAAs), and combined amino acids (CAAs) were analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) after silylation derivatization. Urban areas had significantly higher average Σ sugar concentration (317±139 ng m−3) than that of the rural (181±72 ng m−3) and forest (275±154 ng m−3) areas (p&lt;0.05). Overall, the distribution pattern of sugar compounds and CAAs in PM2.5 was generally similar in three areas. Levoglucosan accounted for 24.4 %, 22.0 %, and 21.7 %, respectively, of the total sugar pool in the urban, rural, and forest areas. This suggests that plant and soil sources, as well as biomass burning (BB), provide important contributions to aerosol sugars and CAAs in three areas. In the urban area, the concentrations of anhydrosugars showed a positive correlation with combined Gly concentrations, but no correlation was found between these two compounds in the rural and forest areas, indicating that the urban area is mainly affected by local combustion sources. This conclusion was also supported by the positive correlation between levoglucosan and non-sea-salt potassium, only observed in the urban area (Lev=0.07 K++37.7,r=0.6,p&lt;0.05). In addition, the average levoglucosan / mannosan (L/M) ratio in the urban area (59.9) was much higher than in the rural (6.9) and forest areas (7.2), implying BB aerosols collected in the urban area originated from lignite burning, while the type of biofuels used in the rural and forest areas is mainly softwood. The concentrations of sugar alcohols in the rural and forest areas were positively correlated with that of CAAs, which are abundant in the topsoil (r=0.53∼0.62,p&lt;0.05), suggesting that the contribution of local topsoil sources is large in these two areas. In the rural and forest areas, the concentrations of primary sugars were positively correlated with those of combined CAA species abundant in local dominant vegetation. Our findings suggest that combining specific sugar tracers and chemical profiles of CAAs in local emission sources can provide insight into primary source characteristics, including the types of biofuels burned, the contribution of topsoil sources, and local vegetation types.

The antioxidant activity of honey depends on the botanical origin, which also determines their physicochemical properties. In this study, a multivariate analysis was used to confirm potential relationships between the antioxidant properties and colour parameters, as well as the content of seven elements in five types of artisanal honey (rapeseed, buckwheat, linden, black locust, and multifloral). The type of honey was found to significantly influence most of its physicochemical properties, colour parameters, and the content of potassium, manganese and copper. Antioxidant parameters were shown to be significantly positively correlated with redness and concentrations of copper and manganese, but negatively correlated with the hue angle and lightness. The principal component analysis confirmed that the darkest buckwheat honey had the highest antioxidant activity in combination with its specific colour parameters and content of antioxidant minerals (manganese, copper and zinc). The level of these parameters can be potentially used for the identification of buckwheat honey.

The aim of this research was exhaustive to valuate the effects of 5 methods used to dehydrate of cajuput honey from Bac Lieu – Vietnam include thermal, microwave, ultrasonic wave, silicagel, vacuum processing on water content of honey. Beside that, comparing the effects on honey quality with the industrial-scale processing. The main honey quality paramenters (reducing sugar (RS), hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), diastase number (DN), water and colour) of cajuput honey were analyzed. RS content were analyzed by DNS method, HMF under AOAC 980.23, diastase activity based on AOAC 958.09, water content according to AOAC 969.38B and colour parameters (L*, a*, b*) were established in the CIE system. The physico-chemical characteristics of fresh honey was as follows: water content 23.18%, RS 717.42 mg/g, HMF 4.24 mg/kg, DN 4.85 mg/kg, colour parameters L*a*b* 39.51-10.51-31.81. The results of the analysis showed that excepts ultrasonic wave processing (22.93%), the other methods allowed to dehydrate of cajuput honey (thermal – 18.73%, microwave – 16.87%, silicagel – 17.86%, vacuum – 17.35% and industrial-scale processing – 16.85%).

This research aims to design and build a honey detection device. The device is designed to detect three important parameters in honey such as pH, water content, and color. A pH sensor is used to measure the acidity level of honey, which is an important indicator in determining the freshness and quality of honey. A Soil Moisture sensor is adapted to measure the water content in honey, as the appropriate moisture level significantly affects the stability and quality of honey. Meanwhile, an LDR sensor is used to detect the color of honey, which often serves as a visual indicator of the quality and type of honey. Data collected from these three sensors is processed by an ESP32 and displayed in Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) with easily understandable format, enabling users to assess honey quality quickly and accurately. Test results show that this device can provide consistent and reliable data, making it a potential solution for honey quality evaluation in the field. This research also utilizes push buttons for displaying data and resetting or reconfiguring the system. Based on the testing conducted, Uray Honey has the highest water content (11.90%) and the lowest acidity level (4.67). Real Honey with water content (8.19%) and pH (3.43), and TJ Honey with water content (8.68%) and pH (3.41) have similar profiles in terms of water content and pH; however, Real Honey is darker in color (11.05) compared to Uray Honey (9.97). Super Honey has consistent color and water content (8.11%) but has a lower color value (9.59) compared to other honeys and has a pH of (3.41).

The biological activities of Inula graveolens in Chebba (Tunisia) salt marsh were screened. Total polyphenol (TPP), flavonoid (TF), and proanthocyanidin (TPC) contents were determined and the correlation between the phytochemistry and the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-enzymatic activities was assessed. The polyphenols in the solvent extracts suggested that salinity stress may enhance the production of bioactive compounds. Antiradical activities and a potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitory power were observed. I. graveolens extracts were antimicrobial against Salmonella typhimurium, Micrococcus luteus, and Staphylococcus aureus. Total flavonoids correlated with the activity against M. luteus, while the total polyphenols content was not correlated with the antimicrobial activity.