„Jak głęboko odczuwam słabość swą…” Korespondencja Tadeusza Micińskiego z Karolem Baykowskim w latach 1897–1900

Hydrothermal systems of the Karymsky Volcanic Centre, Kamchatka: Geochemistry, time evolution and solute fluxes

Abstract. Understanding recent Arctic climate change requires detailed information on past changes, in particular on a regional scale. The extension of the depth–age relation of the Akademii Nauk (AN) ice core from Severnaya Zemlya (SZ) to the last 1100 yr provides new perspectives on past climate fluctuations in the Barents and Kara seas region. Here, we present the easternmost high-resolution ice-core climate proxy records (δ18O and sodium) from the Arctic. Multi-annual AN δ18O data as near-surface air-temperature proxies reveal major temperature changes over the last millennium, including the absolute minimum around 1800 and the unprecedented warming to a double-peak maximum in the early 20th century. The long-term cooling trend in δ18O is related to a decline in summer insolation but also to the growth of the AN ice cap as indicated by decreasing sodium concentrations. Neither a pronounced Medieval Climate Anomaly nor a Little Ice Age are detectable in the AN δ18O record. In contrast, there is evidence of several abrupt warming and cooling events, such as in the 15th and 16th centuries, partly accompanied by corresponding changes in sodium concentrations. These abrupt changes are assumed to be related to sea-ice cover variability in the Barents and Kara seas region, which might be caused by shifts in atmospheric circulation patterns. Our results indicate a significant impact of internal climate variability on Arctic climate change in the last millennium.

ABSTRACTTemporal variations of the radionuclide 10Be are broadly synchronous across the globe and thus provide a powerful tool to synchronize ice core chronologies from different locations. We compared the 10Be record of the Akademii Nauk (AN) ice core (Russian Arctic) for the time period CE 1590–1950 to the 10Be records of two well-dated Greenland ice cores (Dye3 and NGRIP). A high correlation (r = 0.59) was found between the AN and Dye3 records whereas the correlation with NGRIP was distinctly lower (r = 0.45). Sources of deviations may include local fluctuations in the deposition of 10Be due to changes in the precipitation patterns, and artefacts due to the core-sampling strategy. In general, the existing age model was validated, confirming the AN ice core to be a unique and well-dated source of palaeoclimate parameters for the Russian Arctic. We further used numerical simulations to test the influence of the core-sampling strategy on the results and derived an optimized sampling strategy for the deeper parts of the ice core.

Snowpack emissions are recognized as an important source of gas‐phase reactive bromine in the Arctic and are necessary to explain ozone depletion events in spring caused by the catalytic destruction of ozone by halogen radicals. Quantifying bromine emissions from snowpack is essential for interpretation of ice‐core bromine. We present ice‐core bromine records since the pre‐industrial (1750 CE) from six Arctic locations and examine potential post‐depositional loss of snowpack bromine using a global chemical transport model. Trend analysis of the ice‐core records shows that only the high‐latitude coastal Akademii Nauk (AN) ice core from the Russian Arctic preserves significant trends since pre‐industrial times that are consistent with trends in sea ice extent and anthropogenic emissions from source regions. Model simulations suggest that recycling of reactive bromine on the snow skin layer (top 1 mm) results in 9–17% loss of deposited bromine across all six ice‐core locations. Reactive bromine production from below the snow skin layer and within the snow photic zone is potentially more important, but the magnitude of this source is uncertain. Model simulations suggest that the AN core is most likely to preserve an atmospheric signal compared to five Greenland ice cores due to its high latitude location combined with a relatively high snow accumulation rate. Understanding the sources and amount of photochemically reactive snow bromide in the snow photic zone throughout the sunlit period in the high Arctic is essential for interpreting ice‐core bromine, and warrants further lab studies and field observations at inland locations.

4751287 Human leukocyte interferon N and A method of producing same in bacterial cells: Valdis M Berzin, Alexandr Tsimanis, Jury I Vishnevsky, Uldis Apsalon, Andris V Dishler, Elmar Gren, Evgeny D Sverdlov, Galina S Monastyrskaya, Sergei A Tsarev, Alexandr Smorodintsev, Vladimir I Iovlev, Guna Feldmane, Arnis Duk, Riga, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics assigned to Institut Organicheskogo Sinteza Akademii Nauk

Abstract. A 180 m long (343 years) ice core was drilled in the saddle of Aurora Peak in Alaska (63.52∘ N, 146.54∘ W; elevation: 2825 m) and studied for biomass-burning tracers. Concentrations of levoglucosan and dehydroabietic and vanillic acids exhibit multidecadal variability, with higher spikes in 1678, 1692, 1695, 1716, 1750, 1764, 1756, 1834, 1898, 1913, 1966 and 2005 CE. Historical trends of these compounds showed enhanced biomass-burning activities in the deciduous broadleaf forests, boreal conifer forests, and/or tundra woodland and mountain ecosystems before the 1830s and after the Great Pacific Climate Shift (GPCS). The gradually elevated level of dehydroabietic acid after the GPCS is similar to p-hydroxybenzoic acid (p-HBA) from the Svalbard ice core, suggesting common climate variability in the Northern Hemisphere. The periodic cycle of levoglucosan, which seemed to be associated with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), may be more involved with the long-range atmospheric transport than other species. These compounds showed significant correlations with global lower-tropospheric temperature anomalies (GLTTAs). The relations of the biomass-burning tracers with the PDO and GLTTA in this study suggest that their emission, frequency and deposition are controlled by the climate-driven forces. In addition, historical trends of dehydroabietic and vanillic acids (burning products of resin and lignin, respectively) from our ice core demonstrate the Northern Hemispheric connections to the common source regions as suggested from other ice core studies from Svalbard, Akademii Nauk and Tunu Greenland in the Northern Hemisphere.

This study uses space imagery, particularly false-color composites, to identify and map major natural complexes of the Yerevan basin and the changes they are undergoing as a result of a variety of in situ and “imported” pollution impacts. Interpretation aides in the identification of areas affected by different types of pollution in the basin are identified. Translated by Edward Torrey, Alexandria, VA 22308 from: Izvestiya [Rossiyskoy] Akademii Nauk, seriya geograficheskaya, 1992, No. 1, pp. 112–121.

DURING this period of general reappraisal and readjustment of many political problems which face the West and the East, a deeper understanding and knowledge of the scientific endeavors of the two opposite camps is certainly in order. In this respect, the USSR, in particular, is doing splendid work in studying our physical and natural scientific literature and in translating and publishing enormous numbers of our texts and monographs. In the capacity of the Advisory Editor of the translation journal of the Doklady Botanical Sciences Sections Akademii Nauk SSSR, I constantly come across citations dated one year or more later than the publication of the same book in English. On checking, I find inevitably that the date referred to is that of the Russian translation of the English book. American scientists, on the other hand, are far less familiar with the Russian scientific literature. Because very few Americans know the language, our translation programs are limited. The limited knowledge of Russian literature often leads some scientists to the rather superficial conclusion that Russian research in biology, and in botany in particular, is guided by the prevalent theory held by those in political power. Some experiences in the past may have provided a foundation for this belief, but the USSR, being a dynamic society, changes and so does the attitude of the powers towards research and scientific freedom. It is true that scientific research in the USSR is organized and specialized, but that does not prevent valuable work being done. There are many scientific institutions in the USSR; some are connected with universities, regional academies, agricultural stations and forestry organizations, and others are connected with tropical, mountain, desert, swamp and polar stations. All of these institutions employ researchers who publish their results in either local publications or society journals. The most important papers are submitted to the supreme arbiter of research in natural sciences, the Akademii Nauk SSSR. Doklady Akademii Nauk is the official publication of this organization. It comes out in six volumes yearly, each containing some 1500 pp and good illustrations. Various groups of physical and natural sciences are represented in the Doklady, and the papers are sponsored accordingly by the academician in the particular field of knowledge. The papers in the field of biology, biochemistry and botany are translated from cover to cover in this country by the American Institute of Biological Sciences under a grant from the National Science Foundation. There are three translation journals which cover corresponding material of the Doklady. They are (1) Doklady Biological Sciences Sections, Dr. Charles C. Davis, Advisory Editor, (2) Doklady Biochemistry Sections, Dr. Jacob A. Stekol, Advisory Editor, and (3) Doklady Botanical Sciences Sections, Dr. Helen P. Sorokin, Advisory Editor. A young physicist who made an important discovery of a solid-state optical maser about a year ago has told me that he was very much stimulated in his research by a paper of two Russian physicists published in the Doklady. As a rule, the physicists read Doklady, and the translations are now to be found in almost every scientific library and laboratory of Englishspeaking countries. The distribution of and the subscriptions to the Doklady of the Biological, Botanical and Biochemical Science Series are still very unsatisfactory, however. Because the Botanical Sciences Sections is particularly poorly represented in the subscription field, special attention is given to it in this article. Many American scientists have an erroneous impresion that this journal represents an incidental collection of articles in a limited field of knowledge which neither describes the methods used nor cites the literature available. The reality is quite the opposite; practically all branches of botany are represented in the articles, the methods are fully described, the papers are condensed, precise, well-illustrated and contain (Continued on page 56)

Temperature reconstruction for Arctic glaciers

Tropospheric reactive bromine (Bry) influences the oxidation capacity of the atmosphere by acting as a sink for ozone and nitrogen oxides. Aerosol acidity plays a crucial role in Bry abundances through acid‐catalyzed debromination from sea‐salt‐aerosol, the largest global source. Bromine concentrations in a Russian Arctic ice‐core, Akademii Nauk, show a 3.5‐fold increase from pre‐industrial (PI) to the 1970s (peak acidity, PA), and decreased by half to 1999 (present day, PD). Ice‐core acidity mirrors this trend, showing robust correlation with bromine, especially after 1940 (r = 0.9). Model simulations considering anthropogenic emission changes alone show that atmospheric acidity is the main driver of Bry changes, consistent with the observed relationship between acidity and bromine. The influence of atmospheric acidity on Bry should be considered in interpretation of ice‐core bromine trends.

Investigation of the interaction of lubricating oils with metals. (in Russian) : G. V. Vinogradov, M. M. Kusakov, 1u. S. Zaslavskii, and E. A. Razumovskaia. Vestnik akademii nauk SSSR, v. 25, no. 9, Sept. 1955, P. 35–40

The CO2 flux from hydrothermal systems of the Karymsky volcanic Centre, Kamchatka

Between 1999 and 2001, a 724 m long ice core was drilled on Akademii Nauk, the largest glacier on Severnaya Zemlya, Russian Arctic. The drilling site is located near the summit. The core is characterized by high melt-layer content. The melt layers are caused by melting and even by rain during the summer. We present high-resolution data of density, electrical conductivity (dielectrical profiling), stable water isotopes and melt-layer content for the upper 136m (120 m w.e.) of the ice core. The dating by isotopic cycles and electrical conductivity peak identification suggests that this core section covers approximately the past 275 years. Singularities of volcanogenic and anthropogenic origin provide well-defined additional time markers. Long-term temperatures inferred from 12 year running mean averages of δ18O reach their lowest level in the entire record around 1790. Thereafter the δ18O values indicate a continuously increasing mean temperature on the Akademii Nauk ice cap until 1935, interrupted only by minor cooling episodes. The 20th century is found to be the warmest period in this record.

The celebrated Russian academician Vasily P. Vasilyevs (18181900) pioneering study of the history of Buddhist thought, Buddhism, Its Dogmas, History and Literature (St. Petersburg: Akademii Nauk, 1857), became well-known to Еuropean learned circles thanks to its excellent 1860 German translation by the Indologist Theodor Benfey (18091881). It was in this form that Vasilyevs work remained, for more than a century, one of the main Western sources of knowledge of Buddhist philosophy as it had been transmitted in Tibet. Largely forgotten, however, was the flawed French translation by G.A. La Comme (Paris 1865) and the controversy that it aroused. Dedicated to the contemporary French philosopher Roger-Pol Droit to honor his contributions to the history of the Еuropean study of Indian and Buddhist philosophy, the present article retraces that controversy and its implications for our understanding of the reception of Vasilyevs masterwork.

Many glaciers are subject to melting due to high summer air temperatures. Here, the presence of meltwater in the subsurface layers of the glacier bulk, and its subsequent percolation and refreezing are implemented in the calibration of a paleothermometer. Accounting for the melt feature index and the measured oxygen-isotope ratio allows for calibration of the paleothermometer and comparison of different climatic proxies. The results of reconstructions agree with previous reconstructions at the depth of attenuation of the seasonal climate signals, which supports the validity of the paleothermometer calibration. The sensitivity of the reconstruction to variations of the model parameters was also studied. It was found that most likely snow–firn sequence and temperature fields were subjected to significant change due to current warming. Temperature changes in the snow–firn thickness of Akademii Nauk (Severnaya Zemlya, Russian High Arctic) and Austfonna (Svalbard) ice caps exceed by ∼6˚C the average Arctic temperature anomalies for the last 150 years. The reconstruction of the past surface temperatures and the parameters of the subsurface heat source due to refreezing of meltwater lead to the conclusion that meltwater spreads inside two to four annual layers for Akademii Nauk and Austfonna ice caps, respectively.