Abstract
Dry mouth, hyposalivation, or xerostomia is a significant problem in diabetic patients; however, there has been no way to relieve these symptoms. This study’s aim was to evaluate the effects of Ixeris dentata (IXD) in combination with lactobacillus extract on the salivation rate in diabetes-induced dry mouth, and its mechanism was also investigated. In the streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes model, the dry mouth condition was established as a model. Here, rats were treated with water or IXD through the sublingual spray, and subsequently treated with or without a spray of lactobacillus extract. In diabetes condition, the salivary flow rate, amylase activity, and aquaporin-5 and Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE-1) expressions were markedly decreased, whereas they were more significantly recovered in the sequential treatment of IXD-lactobacillus extract than in each single treatment. Furthermore, oxidative stress and its related ER stress response were especially regulated in the IXD/lactobacillus extract condition, where the following anti-oxidative enzymes, glutathione assay (GSH: GSSG) ratio, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), were involved. This study suggests that the combination of IXD and lactobacillus would be a potential alternative medicine against diabetes-induced hyposalivation and xerostomia.
Highlights
Diabetes mellitus is a kind of metabolic disorder where high blood sugar level persists over a long period and has a physical consequence on patients
Dry mouth is associated with decreased salivary secretion, and decreases in salivary secretion are reported to be closely associated with the diabetic condition [20,21]
These close associations between salivary secretion, dry mouth, and diabetic condition lead the current investigation where the influence of Ixeris dentata (IXD), lactobacillus extract, and co-treatment was investigated in diabetes-induced dry mouth condition
Summary
Diabetes mellitus is a kind of metabolic disorder where high blood sugar level persists over a long period and has a physical consequence on patients. Xerostomia (dry mouth), which causes difficulties in swallowing, chewing, and increased risk of oral problems, is one of these effects [1]. Previous studies reveal that 76.4% of diabetic patients suffer from xerostomia [1], which has affected their quality of life. IXD is one of the herbal medicines routinely used in Korea, Japan, and China to reduce the treatment of diabetes, indigestion, and allergies [3,4]. In these countries, IXD extract is widely popular as a functional or healthy food [5].
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