Itinerarios, recorridos y reflexiones sobre la formación de profesores de Historia en Santiago del Estero (1965 - 2020)

GSK malpractice case raises questions about trial standards

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue relevar y diferenciar especies del género Ipomoea presentes en diferentes fases de desarrollo, en el área de riego del Río Dulce, Santiago del Estero, Argentina. Para ello fueron herborizados y fotografiados diversos ejemplares encontrados en la región. En el laboratorio, después del trabajo de identificación, fueron descritas las diversas fases de desarrollo de la planta: semilla, plántula y estado adulto, creándose códigos de identificación para cada fase. Se registraron ocho especies del género Ipomoea, I. alba; I. amnicola; I. cairica; I. carnea; I. grandifolia; I. nil; I. purpurea e I. quamoclit, algunas de las cuales se cultivan como ornamentales, otras aparecen como ruderales y algunas son malezas en cultivos de la región.

The objective of this research was to identify psychosocial risks in the work of nurses in public institutions in second level of attention in the provinces of Cordoba, Jujuy, Santiago del Estero and La Pampa, Argentina. A descriptive cross-sectional study was designed over 1129 nurses belonging to public hospitals in the provinces of Cordoba, Santiago del Estero, La Pampa and Jujuy, chosen through simple random probability sample, with a level of confidence of 95% and error sampling of 5%. It was determined, regarding hiding emotions, when asking Do you consider your work causes emotional distress, that in Cordoba there is 82.2 % of positive answers, the same as in Santiago del Estero; the frequence sometimes is 85.8% in Jujuy and it also exceeds 80% in La Pampa. A similar situation is presented with the question Do you have to keep you emotions and avoid expressing them; the highest frequency of answers goes for the categories always and frequently. It was found that between 20 and 40% of workers expressed they cannot do their work in peace and keep it up to date. As a conclusion, this health staff presents high frequency of exposition to psychosocial risks in the work setting, creating the need to find out about the conditioning factors of these risks and set up actions to promote healthier working environments.

This article presents the results of studies carried out in Santiago del Estero, Argentina that assessed people’s willingness to pay (WTP) and willingness to accept (WTA) for useful plants conservation using the Contingent Valuation Methodology (CVM). The WTP of residents in rural areas in Santiago del Estero, Argentina was researched. In this study residents expressed that medicinal, food and dye plants are very important to them. In different parts of the province of Santiago del Estero, 268 families in eleven small towns were surveyed obtaining values of willingness to pay and willingness to accept. The use of useful plants has been passed down over many generations, which ensures the availability of a continuous flow of environmental services. The results expressed in monetary terms that show the importance that environmental services provided by native forests for rural communities.

La raza ovina Criolla es la fundadora del patrimonio ovino argentino y está distribuida en casi todas las provincias. Son pocos los trabajos destinados a estudiar la calidad lanera de este germoplasma. El objetivo fue caracterizar la lana de ovejas Criollas Argentinas, utilizando las principales medidas que determinan su calidad y su valor comercial. El muestreo se realizó sobre majadas ubicadas en cuatro provincias: Salta (SA) (n= 44); Santiago del Estero (SE) (n= 60); Corrientes (CO) (n= 40) y Buenos Aires (BA) (n= 59). Se tomaron muestras de lana de cada oveja y se determinaron las siguientes variables: diámetro medio de fibra (DMF); desvío estándar del diámetro medio de fibra (DE_DMF); curvatura de ondulación (CU); factor de confort (FC) y largo de mecha (LM). El análisis estadístico incluyó análisis de varianzas (ANOVA), análisis de componentes principales (ACP) y de conglomerados (ACO). Las ovejas SA se destacaron del resto de las regiones por su menor DMF= 26,1±2,5 µm y DE_DMF= 6,2±1,5 µm, su mayor CU= 78,5±13,5 º/mm y su mayor FC= 78,8±12,7 %, mientras que las de BA presentaron un LM= 123,0±36,6 mm, ampliamente superior a las otras regiones y CO presentó mayor DMF= 35,9±4,1 µm. El ACP identificó 2 componentes que explicaron el 90 % de la variabilidad. La primera diferencia SA de BA y muestra superposición entre SE y CO. La segunda diferencia BA del resto de las regiones. Del ACO surge que los ovinos de SE y CO forman un solo grupo definiéndose tres regiones: SA, BA y SE-CO. Ninguno de los tres grupos respondió a la categoría carpet-wool o Criola correspondiente a la clasificación lanera oficial, por eso se considera necesario construir un mapa lanero Criollo de la República Argentina.

The production of honey for consumption is one of humans’ most intriguing activities in biocultural terms. Studies on Local Ecological Knowledge linked to Apiculture with Apis mellifera (LEKHA) are limited, particularly in Santiago del Estero (northern Argentina). In this work, we compared the LEKHA of beekeeping families in two different landscapes that show distinct socio-ecological characteristics: “rainfed” and “irrigation.” Through semi-structured and free interviews and the construction of local calendars, together with 85% of the beekeepers of these zones, we investigated the LEKHA, honeybee flora and methods of acquisition and transmission of management knowledge and practices. Participants mentioned 96 honeybee flora species (63 in rainfed and 71 in irrigation), mainly native species, which provide with nectar and pollen. The apicultural and floral calendar was similar in these two areas, although the areas differed in the time of year certain activities were carried out and the richness and abundance of plant strata. This similarity could be related mainly to the strong cultural attachment of inhabitants to some elements of their native “Monte” landscape which, despite having undergone some anthropic modifications, remains functional for beekeeping. The LEKHA in both areas was learned idiosyncratically and by oblique transmission. We show how an activity related to the environment recreates and stimulates environmental knowledge, such that flowers, honeybees, and people form a bond of mutual care.

Based on the analysis of the mitochondrial control region and seven biallelic markers of the Y chromosome, we investigated the genetic composition of two rural populations of southern Santiago del Estero, Argentina, that were seats in colonial times of pueblos de indios, a colonial practice that consisted of concentrating the indigenous populations in organized and accessible settlements, to facilitate Christianizing and policing. We found the Native American Y chromosome haplogroup Q1a3a in only 11% (3 of 27) of the males. Haplogroup R, common in European populations, is the most frequent haplogroup in Santiago del Estero (55%). In contrast, the persistence of Native American maternal lineages is extremely high (95%). This finding is most likely due to the low incidence in that region of the 20th century European wave of migration and to the existence of pueblos de indios from 1612 to the first decades of the 19th century. In contrast to archeological records that suggest Santiago del Estero late pre-Hispanic groups were strongly influenced by the Andean world, we did not find genetic evidence in support of significant gene fl ow. On the other hand, these populations share many mitochondrial DNA hypervariable region I (HVRI) haplotypes with other populations from the Sierras Pampeanas (particularly with Córdoba) and the Gran Chaco regions.

Drinking arsenic (As)-laden water for a long time affects a population's health and leads to chronic hydroarsenicism, which is associated with an increased incidence of different types of cancer. To determine the potential genotoxic risk associated with different degrees of environmental exposure to inorganic As by way of drinking water, micronuclei (MN) frequency in exfoliated buccal cells was evaluated in Argentina among rural populations of Santiago del Estero and urban populations of Buenos Aires. The exposed group in Santiago del Estero (La Firmeza and Santos Lugares localities) showed a significant increase in MN frequency in epithelial cells compared with controls (Monte Quemado and Urutau localities) (p=0.0005). With regard to the Buenos Aires groups, Navarro individuals (the exposed group) exhibited a significant difference compared with controls (Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires) (p=0.0002). Comparison of MN frequencies between Santiago del Estero and Buenos Aires individuals showed that genotoxic effects of As in drinking water exhibit variation between rural and urban groups, probably due to individual susceptibility being an important incidence factor. The results clearly show that MN assay in buccal mucosa cells is an ideal methodology with which to measure potential genetic risk related to environmental As exposure in humans.

We studied the developmental performance of the large morph of Pseudacteon nocens Borgmeier (Diptera: Phoridae), a prospective biological control agent of imported fire ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). We measured selected life history traits of this parasitoid as a function of 1) host species (Solenopsis invicta Buren versus Solenopsis richteri Forel), 2) temperature (22 versus 28°C), 3) source population of the fly (Corrientes and Santiago del Estero, Argentina), and 4) varied size distributions of offered host ants. Developmental periods were influenced by host species, although the populations responded in opposing manners. Developmental times, however, were most strongly influenced by temperature with total developmental periods lengthened by 17–32% at 22°C. Pupal mortality was also significantly lower at this temperature. Although numbers of progeny per female were significantly higher for the Corrientes population, we found no significant differences in progeny per female according to host species. Interestingly, we found that females were larger than males, and flies from Corrientes were larger than those from Santiago del Estero, even after statistical adjustments for host size. The modal frequency of host size elected in all treatment combinations tested was identical (0.6 mm), a size that represented the apparent threshold for producing female progeny. These laboratory and additional field observations demonstrate considerable interpopulational variation in P. nocens and lend further support to the applied approach focusing at the population, as opposed to the species level, with respect to both source and target areas for classical biological control introductions of Pseudacteon flies.

Mineralogical study of arsenic-enriched aquifer sediments at Santiago del Estero, Northwest Argentina

Can the removal of a subnational political elite enhance economic development? In this paper, we address this question by examining the most recent federal intervention in Argentina (Santiago del Estero, 2004), which marked the end of the Juarista government. Employing a synthetic control methodology, we assess four key outcomes: economic growth, inequality, fiscal transfers to the provinces, and provincial tax collection. Our findings indicate that despite higher fiscal transfers per inhabitant following the federal intervention, Santiago del Estero did not experience improvements in economic growth or inequality. Furthermore, the intervention resulted in a decline in political competition within the province, giving rise to a new elite (the Zamorism) that has governed ever since. This suggests that in the context of elevated political concentration, provincial economic performance may persistently exhibit inefficiency, wherein increased resources fail to translate into improved outcomes. Merely changing rulers, it appears, is insufficient to stimulate economic development.

Introducción: el artículo es producto de la investigación “Desarrollo tecnológico del tratamiento post recolección y la producción de harinas de frutos provenientes del Monte Nativo de Santiago del Estero (a escala piloto)”, que se realizó en la Facultad de Agronomía y Agroindustrias de la Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero durante el 2015. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar el consumo actual y potencial de productos forestales madereros y no madereros de bosques nativos por pobladores de la ciudad de Santiago del Estero, así como la disposición a pagar por ellos. Metodología: se diseñó un instrumento de recolección de datos basado en una encuesta que se aplicó a 609 consumidores reales y potenciales de productos relacionados a frutos del monte y productos derivados como harinas, dulces y bebidas. Resultados: el fruto más consumido es la algarroba, luego el mistol y el chañar. En cuanto a los derivados como arropes y harinas, prevalecen también los de algarroba. Hay una alta frecuencia de casos que manifiestan que probarían y consumirían productos enriquecidos con frutos nativos. Existe voluntad de pago adicional por productos con harinas de frutos del monte en un 63% de los encuestados. Conclusión: los pobladores de áreas urbanas en la provincia de Santiago del Estero consumen productos forestales no madereros, especialmente frutos y harinas derivadas de estos, provenientes de los bosques nativos de la provincia.

This is the initial matrix of a research project whose purpose is to travel the last half of the nineteenth century with the intention of reconstructing, analyzing and describing the educational reality in Santiago del Estero, it will seek to observe the past taking as a reference a group of questions that are organized in relation to the formation of the provincial proto-state administration, considering its school organization. The school reality in Santiago del Estero by the proto-state takes as an inaugural review the creation of the Junta Central de Instrucción Pública on September 26, 1859, an instance that will allow the intervention of the proto-state to be plotted in terms of education in the provincial scope, until the fall of the military regime of the Taboada Brothers in 1875; the subsequent stage until the consolidation of the National Educational System in 1884, will gradually acquire an organization focused on the installation of national grants, the Colegio Nacional, and the Escuela Normal of Santiago del Estero.

During the growing seasons of 2008 to 2009 and 2009 to 2010, severe outbreaks of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) frogeye leaf spot, a disease caused by Cercospora sojina Hara, occurred in several areas in Argentina (1). Two surveys were conducted in soybean fields, one in 2008 that included the provinces of Buenos Aires, Córdoba, and Santa Fe, and another that was performed in 2009 in the same provinces plus three others: Entre Ríos, Santiago del Estero, and Tucumán. In both surveys, plants presented circular lesions with reddish brown-to-gray spots and bordered by typical, narrow, reddish purple margins (3). To promote sporulation and to enable identification of the causal agent, leaves of diseased plants were collected and placed in a moist chamber for 24 h with a 12-h light cycle at 25°C. Conidia were plated on potato dextrose agar medium amended with streptomycin and were incubated at 25°C and 12 h of fluorescent light. Isolated cultures sporulated in 10 days and, on the basis of their morphology, were identified as C. sojina. A total of 147 isolates were deposited at the Culture Collection of CEREMIC (Centro de Referencia de Micología). They produced one- to nine-septate hyaline, elongate to fusiform conidia that measured 54.9 ± 16.2 × 5.7 ± 1.0 μm. Six isolates of C. sojina, each representing a province, were inoculated on a set of 12 differential soybean cultivars: Lee, Davis, Hood, Richland, Lincoln, Kent, Tracy, S 100, Palmetto, Peking, CNS, and Blackhawk (2). Fifteen plants of each differential were sprayed at V3 growth stage with a suspension of 6 × 104 conidia/ml. The test was conducted twice in a complete randomized design with three replicates. Control plants were sprayed with sterile distilled water. After inoculation, plants were placed in a greenhouse bench humidity chamber at 26 to 28°C for 72 h. Disease was rated 14 days after inoculation; plants with numerous lesions were considered susceptible and each of the 15 plants was given a score of 1. Plants with small or no lesions were classified as resistant and given a score of 0. Control plants remained healthy. The pathogen was reisolated from symptomatic plants and morphological characteristics were consistent with C. sojina. Based on the response of the differentials to each isolate and on the race designations, the isolates from Buenos Aires, Córdoba, Santa Fe, and Tucumán belong to race 11, while those from Santiago del Estero and Entre Ríos province to race 12. The finding of these two races threatening soybean cultivars in Argentina may be indicative of additional races. Thus, the incorporation of multiple resistance genes may reduce the impact of the disease on soybean. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the identification of races of C. sojina in Argentina.

The few sociolinguistic studies concerning the Quechua variant spoken in Santiago del Estero (Argentina) have assessed a language shift to the benefit of Spanish. Considering this as a complex process relevant to the macro-sociolinguistic profile of native-migrant populations in Argentina, we describe a case of located bilingualism which has not been sufficiently approached as a relevant sociolinguistic factor. We refer to thousands of migrant workers (referred to as 'swallows') or migrant seasonal farm workers (TRME in Spanish): an underemployed workforce recruited by multinational corporations who travel to the wet pampas of Argentina to take part in the 'deflowering' (detasseling) in the maize harvests. Through an anthropologicalsociolinguistic approach, this article explores the dynamics of bilingual interaction (Quichua-Spanish) of migrant workers ('swallows') who come from Santiago del Estero, the strategies of labor control, the sociolinguistic microprocesses and the linguistic ideologies that operate in a bilingual socialization process.