“It does not have to be Palestine” – Zionist Dreams and the Poetics of the Dysfunctional Guard in Kafka’s Later Work

The religious text today became the axis of the work of many Arab modernists, such as Arkoun, Jabri, Abu Zeid and Abdul Majeed Al Sharafi... and others, which resulted in what is known as the modernist readings of the religious text, which sees the standards of our era and the needs of the Arab individual demand moving from the Court of duplication to resort to the court of reason. From the culture of certainty to the culture of questioning and doubt, and from the culture of absolute truth to the culture of relativity, and out of this idea, the modernists began their view of the Holy Qur'an as a narrative product that can be reproduced and read in accordance with the various literary criticisms in the study of literary and historical texts. such as methods of the human and social sciences and the comparative history of religions. Which contributes to the destabilization of all the buildings of the sanctuary built by the traditional theological mind, and thus works to empty the religion from its ideological content and determine its area within the framework of secular systematic. The reading of the text accordingly becomes a cultural linguistic event and therefore there is no absolute historical fact because the absolutism deviates from the will of man. This kind of reading was also an invitation to the realization of the rationality of pluralism, not the rationality of status. and the call for openness to humanity and cosmic culture. But the prospects for this theory remain limited in practice. These contemporary readings have benefited from the Western approaches applied in human texts, philosophical and literary..

The article deals with the consideration of lexical and stylistic features of poems for children of the modern writer O. Mamchych. The study contains a selective analysis of the poetry of the writer, which reveals the peculiarities of modeling the poetry of different genres (in the form of small folklore genres and contemporary lyrics), the use of a mix of traditional and contemporary images, allusions to the works of oral folk art and works of classical literature for children. The article covers the plot, thematic and ideological content of poetry. The author analyzes the peculiarities of the sound organization of poetic speech by O. Mamchych, the linguistic and stylistic instruments of the artist. The writer finds the right rhymes, builds the original soundtrack of the poem using the play of sounds. Most of the writer's works are full of alliteration, sensations, anaphors and epiphora. Such verbal music fascinates the reader. The lexical means of expressing the poetry language of O. Mamchych reflect the moods of the modern world, modern Ukraine and the child of the future. The writer uses colloquial vocabulary, novelties and historicisms in her composition. The poem «Kozak» perfectly illustrates O. Mamchych's ability to use historicism and colloquial vocabulary. The author basing on the traditions and history of the Ukrainian people builds a lively story about a little boy, a Cossack, who fights with foreigners. The linguistic features of the poetry of the writer reveal her artistic skill. Bright epithets, metaphors, comparisons convey all the beauty of the poetic word of Olesya Mamchych to the reader. The artistic word of the writer is to move the reader, to influence on his feelings, to encourage him to be kinder, to study the history and culture of the Ukrainian people, and to keep up with the times. The work of O. Mamchych is constantly in harmony with the past and the present. It relies on traditional artistic images to create new ones. The writer opens familiar images in a new way in many compositions. The master of the poetic word builds an invisible bridge of understanding between the reader and the author by the allusions to the works of oral folk art and works of classical literature for children. The article gives the confirmation that O. Mamchych's poetry is not only aesthetic, but also linguo-didactic, because it contributes to the linguistic formation (lexical, phonetic and grammatical) and speech competences (artistic speech, cognitive speech, emotional) of a child. The research gives an opportunity to understand the model of the O. Mamchych world, to find out the basic mechanisms of the 21st century poetry image formation for preschool children.

The divine speeches in the book of Job: Ideology and eco-theology The ecological crisis has sensitised many to ask seriously how eco-just are we towards the earth and its inhabitants? A “green”-awareness obviously also influences our reading of texts, like all readings which are never value free. A “green”-ideological focus on the divine speeches of Job, lays bare its subtext of eco-justice. Creation, in its intimate relationship with God, has intrinsic value and worth, and becomes - to a certain extent - even “holy”. Nature should be seen in a theocentric and not in a anthropocentric way. It does not exist for the sake of humans alone, in fact, it seems better off without human intervention. Humans are not above nature, but co-subjects of the earth community and should utilize its inhabitants as role models in the mastering of the art of life. Both school and church can play key roles in promoting a universal environmental ethics, as witnessed in Job.

ABSTRACTThis article is an investigation into the Reading Partners scheme at a large inner London comprehensive school in England; this research comes from a small scale study I carried out as part of my Masters of Teaching at the Institute of Education, University College London. Reading Partners is a project whereby younger and older students within the secondary school education system are paired up to read aloud together in the school library every week over the course of a school year. The purpose of my study was to explore the relationships between these readers and to further understand what is gained from such shared reading. I argue that such collaborative reading aloud provides fertile ground for students’ development and that the sessions go beyond ‘just’ reading and, in fact, make reading become a ‘social’ activity. The significance of the personal relationship these students build and all that happens ‘beyond’ reading texts together should not be underestimated.

This study tends to focus on the different facets and meanings of ‘’Waiting for Godot’’ by Samuel Beckett. The different occurrences of conflicting and contradictory meanings within the text of the play show existence of the late modernist bourgeois ideology. Based on the theoretical concern of the discussions of Post-Structuralist Marxist theorists Louis Althusser and Pierre Macherey, the main concern of the discussion concentrates on the theory of decentred or disparate text, expounded by Pierre Macherey in his book, “A Theory of Literary Production” (1978). This paper asks how the significant gaps, silences, absences and non-saids in the text of “Waiting for Godot” reflect the presence of the late modernist bourgeois ideology. This paper aims to reflect on the significance of ideology to articulate Post-Structuralist Marxist theory of decentred or disparate text. To make vocal the non-saids of Samuel Beckett’s text, the theory and methodology, I seek in this research paper is Post-Structuralist Althusserian Hermeneutics that helps to find conflict, disparity and contradiction of meaning within the text and between the text and its ideological content. It also helps to make speak and vocal the silences and non-saids of the play with conceptual framework of Post-Structuralist Althusserian theory of decentred or disparate text. The study would analyse how the ideological processes keep the author silent at certain stages in trying to tell the truth in his own way. It is hoped that this paper would enable the readers and students of literature to theoretical reading of the literary texts, making vocal the unspoken portions of them. They are also expected to find different, conflicting and contradictory meanings within the text of “Waiting for Godot” and between the text and its ideological content.

Reviewed by: Transatlantic Renaissances: Literature of Ireland and the American South by Kathryn Stelmach Sarah Dyne Transatlantic Renaissances: Literature of Ireland and the American South. By Kathryn Stelmach Artuso. Newark: U of Delaware P, 2013. 206 pp. $70. A cursory glance at the contents of practically any journal or CFP listing reveals increasing scholarly interest in cultural and literary exchange around the globe. By applying the lens of transatlanticism and reading texts in conversation rather than isolation, we are often rewarded with new understandings of how these exchanges complicate or broaden our perceptions of national identities and important moments in time. In Transatlantic Renaissances: Literature of Ireland and the American South, Kathryn Stelmach Artuso contributes to this ever-expanding dialogue by considering historical and literary connections and exchanges between the US South and Ireland. She draws parallels between the Irish Literary Revival, “which pitted the rational, mature, and masculine Saxon against the sentimental, childish, and feminine Celt,” and the Southern Literary Renaissance, driven by a desire to “subvert the idealizing fiction that perpetuated the ‘moonlight and magnolias’ myth of the Old South, the plantation legend of paternal-istic masters, happy slaves, and medieval gallantry,” opposing the “oppressive outside influences of the North” (xiv). This project ultimately seeks to reassess regional or “minor literature” in order to raise “new questions of gender and genre in Irish and southern literature,” focusing on “the women writers and the literary forms often ascribed a minor role in their region’s revivals” in order to examine how their contributions challenged dominant patriarchal systems (xvii). The first chapter of Artuso’s book, “Minor Literature Comes of Age,” offers an impressive, sweeping account of the historical parallels and connections between the southern United States and Ireland, ranging from Irish involvement in Caribbean colonies and rebellion to ancestral ties between Ireland and the US, and later friendships and intellectual exchanges between writers like Mark Twain and Lady Augusta Gregory, William Faulkner and James Joyce, and Eudora Welty and Elizabeth Bowen. Artuso adopts an interdisciplinary strategy in constructing her critical framework, addressing seminal texts on the subject not only by literary [End Page 169] scholars, but also historians and linguists, including Grady McWhiney’s controversial Cracker Culture, Kieran Quinlan’s Strange Kin: Ireland and the American South, and works by David N. Doyle and Kerby Miller, Patrick Sims-Williams, and David Gleeson. This critical overview would prove especially useful to those who are new to conversations about the intimate relationship between Ireland and the US South, as Artuso succeeds in constructing a well-rounded yet concise discussion of cultural exchange without denying the unique qualities of each region. The chapters that follow are thoughtfully organized so that the reader is lead from the plantation-era South of Gone with the Wind, to the transformative world of Ireland, and finally to Harlem via Ireland. In “Transatlantic Tara: Irish Maternalism and Motherland in Gone with the Wind,” Artuso responds to critics who see Gone with the Wind as a nostalgic and romanticized depiction of the antebellum era. Artuso instead aligns the “under-valued” Margaret Mitchell with high modernism, arguing that the novel was actually written “as a specific critique of this ‘moonlight and magnolias’ myth” and claiming that critics too often overlook “the truly volatile, anti-nostalgic, and revolutionary nature of the novel, in which an Irish anti-heroine, both magnetic and repulsive, disrupts colonizing dynamics and evaluates subordinate terms” (xxi, 41, 44). The third and fourth chapters are by far the most convincing sections of Transatlantic Renaissances, as Artuso reveals her intimate knowledge of and genuine interest in the works and lives of Eudora Welty and Elizabeth Bowen. “‘A Child of this Century’: Rites of Passage in the Friendship and Fiction of Eudora Welty and Elizabeth Bowen” serves as a bridging chapter between the South and Ireland, as it explores a relationship that proved mutually influential and beneficial. Artuso’s thoughtful and thorough discussion of the intellectual and affectionate relationship between the two authors is where her project most clearly applies a transatlantic approach, while “Anglo-Irish Revivals: Doubling and Defamiliarization in Elizabeth Bowen’s The Heat of the Day and The House in Paris” offers a skillfully written close...

Reviewed by: Hannah Arendt and Martin Heidegger: History of a Love by Antonia Grunenberg Evanthia Speliotis GRUNENBERG, Antonia. Hannah Arendt and Martin Heidegger: History of a Love. Translated by Peg Birmingham, Kristina Lebedeva, and Elizabeth von Witzke. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2017. xvi + 309 pp. Cloth, $80.00; paper, $30.00 Antonia Grunenberg offers a fresh look at the decades-long relationship, both personal and intellectual, between Hannah Arendt and Martin Heidegger. The personal relationship—"History of a Love"—discloses the character of each; the intellectual relationship illuminates their respective understandings of philosophy: the nature and purpose of philosophical thinking, and whether and how this philosophical thinking can (must?) engage with action, politics, and world. Weaving these two narratives together, Grunenberg suggests that life—world, circumstances, fate—on the one hand, and character, on the other, play a significant role in how one sees and engages with the world, how one responds to it, and, ultimately, how one understands world, being, and the philosophical life. The setting for Grunenberg's account is the sweeping revolt occurring at the turn of the twentieth century in philosophy, culture, art, and science, and the call for "a new beginning." Beginning with the birth of German existentialism, in particular, Heidegger's replacing the traditional separation between thinking and being with Dasein, for which thinking authentically is being (chapter 1), Grunenberg then describes Heidegger's rise to power (chapter 2), and his subsequent belief that the historical moment was at hand to instantiate the philosophical ideal in the world (chapter 3). Into this account she weaves the story of Hannah Arendt, a student and lover who was inspired and influenced deeply by the new way of thinking and philosophizing that Heidegger presented (chapter 2). The rise of National Socialism and antisemitism, and Heidegger's apparent embrace of both, however, forced her to question this way of thinking, as she grappled with an ugly reality that threatened her very existence (chapters 2–3). Whereas Heidegger understood philosophy as a purely theoretical activity, Arendt became increasingly convinced that human being is, essentially, a political being, and that the thinking life must ever be in and contend with what exists in the world and with the political (chapters 4–6). Natural talent and circumstances combined to put Heidegger in a position of power: his studies with Husserl and his reappropriation of the ancient Greeks helped him conceive of a new way of thinking; the publication of Being and Time secured him public recognition for his discovery. Being also proud, thirsty for power, and certain of his own wisdom, seduced by the rhetoric of National Socialism, he believed the [End Page 382] opportunity was at hand to instantiate his ideal in the world: to reform the German university into Plato's Academy where he as "overseer" and "guardian" would educate a new generation of philosophically enlightened individuals to go forth and transform German society. As for his antisemitism, to which Grunenberg devotes significant attention, so certain was he that the "Jewish intelligentsia" epitomized the Enlightenment tradition against which he had revolted that he acquiesced in—even supported—the antisemitic agenda of National Socialism, albeit for his own theoretical reasons (chapter 3). As brilliant as he was, Heidegger apparently never questioned himself—his assumptions, perceptions, conclusions—nor did he ever acknowledge responsibility for his actions (chapter 5). Where Heidegger spent most of his life in solipsistic engagement with texts and with being (apart from his one failed attempt to actualize Plato's Academy), Arendt, by contrast, was driven both by life and personality to confront and examine herself—as human being, intellectual, Jew—and the world she lived in (see especially chapters 3–4 on Rahel Varnhagen, Origins of Totalitarianism). Inspired by Heidegger's teachings regarding grappling with being and reading texts—"against the grain"—for her, "being" included world and the "action of the many," which Heidegger dismissed (chapters 5–6). Thirsty to learn, conscious that there was much she did not understand, she pulled from all the resources available in her quest for understanding. A key resource in this quest was dialogue and the communities that make it possible. In her theoretical writing, this meant the political community...

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Research Article| June 01 2000 “Chaos Invading Concept”: Blast as a Native Theory of Promotional Culture Paige Reynolds Paige Reynolds Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Twentieth-Century Literature (2000) 46 (2): 238–268. https://doi.org/10.1215/0041462X-2000-3004 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Twitter Permissions Search Site Citation Paige Reynolds; “Chaos Invading Concept”: Blast as a Native Theory of Promotional Culture. Twentieth-Century Literature 1 June 2000; 46 (2): 238–268. doi: https://doi.org/10.1215/0041462X-2000-3004 Download citation file: Zotero Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search Books & JournalsAll JournalsTwentieth-Century Literature Search Advanced Search The text of this article is only available as a PDF. Copyright © Hofstra University2000 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal Issue Section: Articles You do not currently have access to this content.

MLR, 99.3, 2004 761 Following a valuable reading of 'Musee des Beaux Arts' and a discussion of Au? den's conflicted relationship with Yeats, we leave the English Auden and travel to America. At this point, Firchow's book seems to lose much of its original energy and purpose. In the last two chapters there is a great deal of speculation about how Auden relates to American literature (how he became an 'American' poet) and how he and his work related to German and Austrian literature, including an exegesis on various translations of Auden's poems into German. The idea of 'context' is thus stretched in differentdirections here, and there is less detail in this part of the book about Auden's reading and intellectual development. Although the book does not end strongly,Auden scholars will enjoy the work for its labour of love, and for the welcome contextual detail that Firchow adds to our knowledge of Auden's places and times. ADFA, University of New South Wales Adrian Caesar The Open Book: Creative Misreading in the Works of Selected Modern Writers. By Margaret M.Jensen. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave. 2002. xiii + 235pp. ?35. ISBN 0-132-29353-4. Margaret Jensen's book fails somewhere in between the categories of the literary biography and the academic monograph. Her project is appealing: to explore the in? teractions between a group ofwriters linked by a network of personal and professional relationships. As a critic of literary influence, her primary interest is in the 'creative misreadings' deriving fromthe relationships between Leslie Stephen, Thomas Hardy, John Middleton Murry, Katherine Mansfield, and Virginia Woolf. As such termino? logy suggests, the Bloomian paradigm of the anxiety of influence is at the centre of this book, but Jensen supplements Bloom's agonistic model of literary influence with Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar's view of a more reciprocal interrelationship be? tween women writers, and also draws on Julia Kristeva and Roland Barthes's theories of intertextuality to support her investigations. Jensen offersa convincing critique of Bloom's understanding of literary influence in terms of a psychic 'battle to the death', arguing that this model is inadequate to the complexities of personal/textual interac? tions. However, she is also cautious of the post-structuralist concept of intertextuality offered by Barthes and Kristeva, arguing that the textual connections she has uncovered could not have occurred withoutthe 'very real and personal encounters' between the authors concerned. This argument might have been more convincing had Jensen grounded her textual readings in more thorough research into the 'real and personal'. For example, at the beginning of her discussion of Mansfield and Hardy, she quotes a passage from Mansfield's journal in which lines fromHardy and Chekhov are followed by a comment of Mansfield's on those who write poems anticipatingthe death of one they love. Jensen embarks on an elaborate discussion ofthe significance of the Hardy quotation, apparently unaware that at this point in 1919 Mansfield had discovered a poem by her husband, Murry, which seemed to imagine life after her death. Failing to pick this up, Jensen misses the opportunity to explore the link between Murry's premature obituary for Hardy (discussed earlier in the chapter) and his premature mourning of Mansfield. She also develops a rather strained reading of the literary connections between Mansfield and Hardy, arguing that Hardy's poems 'gave Mans? field a language' in which to explore issues of mourning and loss. Again, contextual evidence would suggest that this was not the case: rather, it was Hardy who failed to appreciate Mansfield's language of loss, patronizingly suggesting that she should 'write more about' the sisters in her story 'The Daughters ofthe Late Colonel'. Jensen's account of the relationship between Mansfield and Woolf also involves some over-reading and over-stretching of points. She makes much of the fact that 762 Reviews when Woolf firstmentioned a potential meeting with Mansfield, she imagined meet? ing her in Cornwall. For Jensen, the setting is a crucial component in this 'fantasy meeting', but the prosaic fact is that Mansfield and Murry were staying in Cornwall that particular summer. This detail does not matter in itself,but it...

From John Rose: Greg Wolff’s article, “Strange Sounds: Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s Dialectic,” tackles head-on the problem of whether an individual’s consciousness of another can ever reach the perspective of another person. In short, the fundamental question that motivates his philosophizing is, “Can we ever genuinely reach the other person?” In the best methodological tradition of contemporary, continental philosophy, Mr. Wolff begins with the point of friction between two recent French thinkers who have already tackled the topic: Emmanuel Levinas and Maurice Merleau-Ponty. Those unfamiliar with this method of working through philosophical texts in pursuit of one’s own reflective questions should note the compelling and lucid way in which Wolff focuses his reader’s attention on the juxtaposition of these two philosopher’s on his article’s thesis. However, one must not think that Wolff’s rigorous and focused reading of the text is the sole reason for its worthiness. Mr. Wolff takes the discussions of these philosophers further in terms of his own experiences with the topic. Citing his own concerns with solipsism—the philosophical version of narcissism in which one believes that oneself is the only existing thing—Wolff explores his own sense for the points of contact with the truly otherness of the other person: in music, in language, in art, and in personal relationships. As it should be, Wolff’s article becomes an example of the relationship to the Other that he explores in his philosophical reflections. The philosophers themselves become the Other whom Wolff reaches as he transcends his own perspective. In putting his own questions to the others, Mr. Wolff reaches them, not as lifeless precursors and concepts, but as others who reach the experience of the Other.

Charles Follen's Search for Nationality and Freedom: Germany and America, 1796-1840. By Edmund Spevack. (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997. Pp. viii, 312. $39.95.) Charles Follen presents several difficult challenges to the biographer. The first twenty-eight years of his life, immersed in the Napoleonic Wars and radical German protest against the reaction that followed peace, took place in a setting markedly different from the sixteen years that followed his emigration to the United States, and separate scholarly literatures frame analysis of the distinct phases of his career. For neither period are sources abundant. While in Europe, Follen destroyed personal papers that police might have used against him or his associates. His American letters and diaries furnished material for a lengthy biography by his widow, but diligent research has uncovered relatively few manuscripts. The most extensive contemporary descriptions of him-the police files generated to prosecute him as a subversive and the abolitionist memoirs designed to celebrate him as a hero-both incorporate complex ideological filters as well as a variety of highly charged personal relationships with Follen. Edmund Spevack meets these challenges with impressive determination and erudition. He divides his study evenly between Follen's years in Germany and the United States. In the first three chapters, Spevack situates Follen within movements by students and intellectuals to realize German nationalism. He suggests that Follen's faction contributed significantly to the proclamation of a liberal constitution in HesseDarmstadt in 1820, but he also emphasizes that Follen's endorsement of violent tactics slowed reform momentum by alienating moderate allies and attracting effective suppression. The final three chapters discuss Follen's initiatives in America as a conduit of German culture, a Unitarian minister, and an abolitionist. Spevack sees a strong continuity in this transatlantic transition despite Follen's abandonment of his original plan to found a German enclave and his eventual conclusion that he could never return to participate in European politics. Fourteen years after applauding-and perhaps inciting-the murder of playwright and journalist August von Kotzebue, Follen experienced a conversion to abolitionism upon reading David Walker's Appeal for a black uprising against slavery. Too blunt, rigid, and committed to his cause to cooperate with fellow German nationalists, Follen similarly offended the Harvard administration and his Unitarian congregation with his abolitionism and was at the time of his death, as Spevack observes with nice symmetry, once again in a kind of exile. Apart from its detailed attention to political and personal relationships among German activist groups, Spevack's method is primarily an intellectual history that draws on careful reading of key texts. Follen's draft constitution for a united Germany, his nationalist poetry, his lectures as professor of German language and literature at Harvard, and his theological and antislavery essays come in for close scrutiny, as do many other works by Follen and thinkers he read. For the American chapters, this strategy works especially well in addressing Follen's role in introducing German culture to the United States. Beginning with Follen's German Reader (1826), Spevack traces the construction of a vastly influential canon shaped by Follen's political views and his sense of the potential relationship between Germany and the United States. …

Complementary to all theological considerations of divine writing – sacra pagina – are those of divine reading, known in the Christian Tradition as lectio divina. Through a close reading of St. Bonaventure’s Incendium Amoris (De Triplici Via) this article seeks to elucidate the author’s understanding of the Christian’s act of reading, especially the reading of the biblical text. Between the eleventh and the late thirteenth centuries, the metaphysically rich sense of lectio regnant in the monastic environment goes into decline. In ascendancy is a lectio attenuated to a mere instrument, whether scholarly or spiritual in application. Standing somewhere near the apex of this watershed, Bonaventure understood the act of reading the Word of God as constitutive of a real, vital, personal relationship between the divine, living author and the human reader. Notwithstanding his scholastic contributions, Bonaventure remains essentially faithful to the understanding of lectio as practiced in a liturgically saturated monastic milieu.

Social media have changed the ways we communicate, meet others, and form intimate relationships. However, technology can also mediate intimate partner surveillance and abuse (Muise, 2009; Tokunaga, 2010). One of the most explicit ways to understand these shifts is through the transgressing of relationship boundaries, defined and enforced by settler-colonial notions of compulsory monogamy (TallBear, 2020). Anxieties around cheating have evolved along with our technologies, as evidenced by ambiguous new terms like “microcheating” and “emotional cheating” (Lusinski, 2018). In this in-progress, mixed-methods study, we examine new definitions of cheating through analyzing discussions about potential transgressions on Reddit. Specifically, we investigate 1) which behaviors cause uncertainty in emerging forms of social media-enabled infidelity and 2) the degree to which relationship discourse online naturalizes the extension of compulsory monogamy into online space. For our pilot analysis, we used computational techniques to elicit common subjects within subreddit posts to then analyze qualitatively. We began with Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA), an unsupervised natural language processing tool, to organize Reddit posts and comments by topic (Blei, 2012). Then we qualitatively analyzed Reddit discourse by using critical discourse analysis. Our pilot analysis suggested a belief that proof of (in)fidelity can be found on a partner’s smartphone, such as by reading texts. This orientation toward evidence then justifies surveillance and hacking of a partner’s phone and computer presence, construing the invasion of privacy as the right to truth. This preliminary finding suggests that discourse around transgressive behaviors on social media likely reiterates compulsory monogamy and settler sexuality.

Prosthetic Grand Synthesis