Isomerization Directed Molecular Packing toward Suppressing Energy Loss in Nonfullerene Ternary Solar Cells

Abstract

Organic semiconductors based upon conjugated frameworks are often isomeric and display distinct optoelectronic properties within minor structural variation. In this work, two isomeric nonfullerene acceptors (NFAs) ThMeCl-1 and ThMeCl-2, having the methyl and chlorine atoms attached on different positions of the electron-withdrawing end group, are synthesized and incorporated as the third component in ternary solar cells. Although these NFA isomers exhibit a similar bandgap, energy levels, and energy loss in their PM6 based binary devices, the efficiency enhancements in ternary devices differ significantly. Compared to ThMeCl-1, the incorporation of ThMeCl-2 in PM6:C5-16 solar cells enables less energy loss, leading to an extra 0.03 eV open-circuit voltage gain and a maximum efficiency increase from 17.8 to 18.9%. Grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction and molecular dynamics simulations reveal that this is attributed to the versatile intermolecular π–π stacking forms between ThMeCl-2 and the host NFA, which result in improved charge transport and suppressed recombination. This work provides a rational guidance for controlling the molecular packing in ternary systems to prepare high performance organic photovoltaics.