Abstract
Objective:The avian influenza virus (AIV) subtype H9N2 circulating in Indonesia has raised increasing concern about its impact on poultry and its public health risks. In this study, the H9N2 virus from chicken poultry farms in Java was isolated and characterized molecularly.Materials and Methods:Thirty-three pooled samples of chicken brain, cloacal swab, trachea, and oviduct were taken from multiple chickens infected with AIV in five regions of Java, Indonesia. The samples were isolated from specific pathogenic-free embryonated eggs that were 9 days old. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and sequencing were used to identify H9N2 viruses.Results:This study was successful in detecting and characterizing 13 H9N2 isolates. The sequencing analysis of hemagglutinin genes revealed a 96.9%–98.8% similarity to the H9N2 AIV isolated from Vietnam in 2014 (A/muscovy duck/Vietnam/LBM719/2014). According to the phylogenetic analysis, all recent H9N2 viruses were members of the lineage Y280 and clade h9.4.2.5. Nine of the H9N2 isolates studied showed PSKSSR↓GLF motifs at the cleavage site, while four had PSKSSR↓GLF. Notably, all contemporary viruses have leucine (L) at position 216 in the receptor-binding region, indicating that the virus can interact with a human-like receptor.Conclusion:This study described the features of recent H9N2 viruses spreading in Java’s poultry industry. Additionally, H9N2 infection prevention and management must be implemented to avoid the occurrence of virus mutations in the Indonesian poultry industry.
Highlights
Since the early 1980s, Indonesia’s poultry sector has risen dramatically
The avian influenza virus (AIV) subtype H9N2 circulating in Indonesia has raised increasing concern about its impact on poultry and its public health risks
The second group was infected with various types of domestic and wild birds with mild to moderate infection called low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) [6]
Summary
Since the early 1980s, Indonesia’s poultry sector has risen dramatically. The poultry industry in Indonesia is projected to be worth more than 34 billion US dollars. In the last two decades, avian influenza virus (AIV) infection has become a common problem for the global poultry industry [3,4], including Indonesia. These viruses are categorized into two groups. H9N2 belongs to this group and causes significant economic losses associated with increased mortality and decreased egg production [7] Coinfection of bacteria such as Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Escherichia coli or other infections from other viruses such as infectious bronchitis. We detected and examined H9N2 viruses from several regions of Java
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