Isolation and Identification of some Fungal Species from Common carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758) in Taqtaq District in Erbil Province, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.

A number of 220 common carp Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus 1758, were collected from two ponds (98 from pond A and 122 from pond B) in Taqtaq District, northeast from Erbil Province, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. During September 2021 to April 2022. The fishes were examined for bacteria that infect them. In this research revealed the fortune of thirteen species of bacteria. The identification of the isolates was carried out depending on the morphology of the colony, specific media, and identification using VITEK II compact system (Biomerieux- USA). Recording of eight species of bacteria (Streptpcoccus equi zooepidemicus, Methylobacterium spp, Rhizobium radiobacter, Burkholderia cepacia, B. multivorance, B. stabilis, B. vietnamiensis and Sphingobacterium thalpophilum) are considered the first record in Iraq, and recording of five species of bacteria (Staphylococcus lentus, Streptococcus thoraltensis, Klebsiella oxytoca, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia fonticola) are the fisrt record in Kurdistan Region.

A comparative molecular study of Aperigiullus protease using sequence of protease gene representative 25 different Aspergillus species (Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus novofumigatus, Aspergillus viridinutans, Aspergillus pseudotamarii, Aspergillus clavatus, Aspergillus sojae, Aspergillus fischeri, Aspergillus caelatus, Aspergillus novofumigatus, Aspergillus campestris, Aspergillus costaricaensis, Aspergillus candidus, Aspergillus neoniger, Aspergillus mulundensis, Aspergillus ibericus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus piperis, Aspergillus eucalypticola, Aspergillus vadensis, Aspergillus steynii, and Aspergillus lentulus) have been described for several properties. To summarise the Asperigillus protease correlation, alignment of multiple sequence and phylogenetic tree assembly were carried out. 59 Protease gene amino acid sequence used for the constructed phylogenetic tree that showed the specific protease clusters of several species of Aspergillus (Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus clavatus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus viridinutans, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus fischeri). Protease gene amino acid sequences acquired from NCBI. The homology sequence level was done using amino acid sequence. Among these proteases, the distributions of the commonly observed motifs were analysed. Protease protein sequences indicate that the structure and enzymatic function are involved.

The present study investigates that seasonal distribution and intensity of infestation of Argulus foliaceus in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in Taq Taq, Kurdistan Region, Iraq, in relation to ecological factors such as temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and salinity. A total of 90 fish were taken throughout 2024, and parasitological examinations were conducted to assess infestation rates. The results revealed a clear seasonality, with the highest infestation rates (0.667) in summer and early autumn (June–September) when water temperature rise (8.3–19.2°C) and pH levels were slightly alkaline (pH 8–9). Infestation was lowest in winter (December–February), this was due to the reduced temperatures (3.4–5.3°C), which was not favorable to parasite metabolism and reproduction. Statistical analysis revealed that there was a high correlation (p < 0.01) between intensity of parasite infestation and water temperature. This study indicates the impact of ecology on A. foliaceus distribution and also the potential economic threat it poses to aquaculture. Proper environmental management, regular monitoring, and targeted interventions are essential to mitigate infestations and safeguard fish health in aquaculture settings.

This study was conducted to investigate effects Liptocitro (LPC) on growth performance and body composition juveniles of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) at the Aquaculture unit, Grdarasha station, Agriculture College, University of Salahaddin, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. A total of 240 fish (20 per cage) with initial average body weight of 56.67±0.47 g were fed four diets supplemented with 0 control, 0.3% or 0.6% and 1% diet LCP for eight weeks in cage system. During the experiment, the physico-chemical parameters of technological water were situated in normal range for optimal growth. The results showed the best final weight, weight gains (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) were observed in the fish fed LCP 0.3% in diet. The lowest protein content of fish had decreasing trend (9.25 ± 0.93) compared with control group and the significant differences were reported in fish fed with LPC 1%. Also, fat tissue was obtained in the fish fed with LCP 0.6% were significantly reduced compared with fish fed control diet. Moisture, ash and NFE contents were no significantly affected by liptocitro.

Swimming, grazing and social behaviour of rohu Labeo rohita (Hamilton) and common carp Cyprinus carpio (L.) in tanks under fed and non-fed conditions

This study was aimed to estimate the selectivity properties of multifilament trammel and gillnets for common carp ( Cyprinus carpio L., 1758) in Marmara Lake in Manisa, Turkey. Trammel and gillnets of 4, 6, 8, and 10 cm stretched mesh size and 210 d/2 no twine thickness were tested in the Marmara Lake. In addition, selectivity parameter of 11, 12, 13 and 14 cm mesh size of trammel and gillnets were modelled. SELECT method was used to estimate the selectivity parameters. Experiments were carried out monthly in the three different stations identified eastern, middle and western areas which represent longitudinal length of the lake. A total of 36 trials were conducted both nets. A total of 119 common carps were caught ranges between 11.3 - 49.0 cm total lengths. According to the Bi- normal model, which gave the lowest deviance for both trammel and gillnets, selectivity curves were estimated for 4, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14 cm stretched mesh size modelled lengths as 12.98, 19.47, 25.96, 32.45, 35.70, 38.94, 42.19 and 45.43 cm for trammel nets, 12.40, 18.60, 24.80, 31.00, 34.10, 37.20, 40.30 and 43.40 cm for gillnets, respectively. When considering minimum landing size (40 cm total length), it is recommended that both nets under 13 cm mesh size should be prohibited for common carp fishery in the Lake Marmara. Keywords: Trammel net, gillnets, common carp Cyprinus carpio, size selectivity, Lake Marmara

Chitinases (designated as SPCs) were isolated from „Shilbilati‟ potatoes, a potato prototype cultivated in Bangladesh by affinity chromatography on a chitin column. SPCs agglutinated rat erythrocytes at the minimum concentration of 7 µg/mL and showed toxicity against brine shrimp nauplii with the LC50 value of 20 µg/mL. The chitinases also agglutinated seven bacterial strains among the twelve as studied. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis and Salmonella typhi were the most sensitive towards the SPCs and were agglutinated at 1.2, 2.5 and 5.0 µg/mL protein concentrations respectively. Antibacterial tests demonstrated that SPCs showed inhibitory activity against the pathogenic bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Salmonella typhi. Antifungal activity was investigated by the disc diffusion method. Five fungal species (Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium vasinfectum, Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus) and two fungal genus (Penicillium and Mucor sp.) were examined in the assay. SPCs showed antifungal activity against Candida albicans, Fusarium vasinfectum and Penicillium sp.

Seven fungal species (Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus versicolor, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Rhizomucor pusillus, Trichophyton equinum and Rhizopus oryzae) were isolated from the tannery effluent collected at a tannery industry located at Challawa industrial estate of Kano State, Nigeria. Aspergillus niger had the highest percentage occurrence frequency of 36% (31) while Trichophyton equinum had the least percentage occurrence frequency of 4% (5). Consequently, Aspergillus niger recorded the highest mean tolerance indices of 1.175, 0.830, 0.580, 0.780 and 0.630 while Rhizomucor pusillus had the least of the tolerance indices of 0.675, 0.375, 0.346, 0.450 and 0.255 for chromium, cadmium, manganese and lead respectively. Accordingly, furthermore the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and biomass yield of the seven tested fungi isolates cultured in the presence of the five heavy metals used in this study showed different level of growth pattern. Hence the high resistant potentials and tolerance to the selected heavy metals exhibited by the fungal species isolated in this study is an indication that indigenous fungal floral isolated from tannery effluent if properly harnessed may offer a feasible solution to the serious environmental pollution problems associated with the presence of heavy metals in tannery effluent.

Diel rhythmicity of grazing, swimming, resting andsocial interactions of rohu (Labeorohita)(weight66.5^68.3g) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio)(79.9^82.0g) were observed in1m 2 simulated ponds usingvideoimages. Fishbehaviour was monitored duringafull24-hperiod,startingat08:00hourswitha15-minrecording, whichwas repeated every 3h. Rohu spentmoretimegrazingduringthedaythanatnight.Graz-ingactivity peakedat thebeginningandat the endofthe day. Grazing and resting of rohu were negativelycorrelated.Commoncarpgrazeddayandnight,show-ing no distinctgrazing peak. Considering thegrazingtime of rohu and common carp, a feeding schedulewithtwofeedingtimesat07:30and16:30hoursmightbeappropriateforbetterfoodintakeandconversioninrohu^commoncarppolyculturesystem.Keywords: swimming, grazing, behaviour, rohu,commoncarpIntroductionTogether, rohu Labeo rohita (Hamilton) and commoncarp Cyprinus carpio (L.) contribute 26% (rohu 11%,commoncarp15%)ofthetotalworldfreshwateraqua-culture production outside China (FAO 2005). Nowa-days, rohu^common carp polyculture is being widelypracticed in South Asia. Rohu is a highlyappreciatedconsumption ¢sh, fetching good market prices (Dey,Paraguas, Bhatta, Alam, Weimin, Piumsombun,Koeshandrajana,DungSRahman,Wahab& Verdegem 2007), while common carp is gainingquick popularity as a bottom feeder in South Asiabecause it has a faster growth rate than the nativebottom feeder mrigal Cirrhinus cirrhosus (Bloch)(Milstein,WahabRRahman2006).The eiects of addition of arti¢cial feed and diier-ent densities of common carp on natural food avail-ability, food intake and growth and production inrohu ponds were studied (Rahman, Verdegem,Nagelkerke,Wahab, Milstein & Verreth 2006). It wasobservedthatbotharti¢cialandnaturalfoodsareim-portant for the growth of rohu and common carp.Thepondstudyshowedsynergisticeiectsonnaturalfood availability in rohu^common carp polyculture.The question was raised as to whether the observedsynergism was mainly caused by increased naturalfoodavailabilityorbyachange in feedingbehaviour.Behaviouralstudiesinpondsaredi⁄cultduetohighturbidityand, consequently, low visibility.Therefore,to be able to observe the feeding behaviour, pondtreatments were simulated in aquaria.The eiects ofarti¢cial feed applicationand diierent stocking den-sities of common carp (0, 1 and 2tank

Innate immune response against an oomycete pathogen Aphanomyces invadans in common carp (Cyprinus carpio), a fish resistant to epizootic ulcerative syndrome

Regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism by insulin and glucagon in vivo and in vitro in common carp Cyprinus carpio L.

Molecular characterizations, immune modulation, and antibacterial activity of interleukin-17A/F1a and interleukin-17A/F1b in common carp Cyprinus carpio

Growth performance and immune status in common carp Cyprinus carpio as affected by plant oil-based diets complemented with β-glucan

Immunomodulatory effects of graded levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) – In vitro and in vivo approaches

Effects of growth hormone over-expression on reproduction in the common carp Cyprinus carpio L.