Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a non-steroidal estrogenic mycotoxin produced by Fusarium species, which has been shown to be associated with reproductive disorders in livestock, and to a lesser extent with hyperoestrogenic syndromes in humans. The aim of this study was to characterize a Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain with ZEN removal ability. A pure culture of a strain designated LN isolated from moldy corn samples showed a high ZEN removal capability. Based on microscopic observations, biochemical characteristics, and phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence, LN was identified as B. amyloliquefaciens. After incubation of B. amyloliquefaciens LN in Luria-Bertani (LB) medium containing 3.5 ppm of ZEN, the ZEN concentration fell below the detection limit within 24 h. In ZEN-contaminated corn meal medium, B. amyloliquefaciens LN decreased ZEN concentration by 92% after 36 h of incubation. In phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) containing 5 ppm of ZEN, B. amyloliquefaciens LN reduced the ZEN concentration from 5 ppm to 3.28 ppm immediately after coming into contact with ZEN, and further reduced the ZEN concentration to 0.36 ppm after 4 h of incubation. The amounts of ZEN adsorbed by the cells of B. amyloliquefaciens LN did not increase with the extension of incubation time, indicating that B. amyloliquefaciens LN not only possessed ZEN adsorption ability, but also exhibited the ability to degrade ZEN. In addition, B. amyloliquefaciens LN was non-hemolytic, non-enterotoxin producing, and displayed probiotic characteristics including acidic tolerance, bile salt tolerance, and anti-pathogenic activities. These findings suggest that B. amyloliquefaciens LN has a potential to be used as a feed additive to reduce the concentrations of ZEN in feedstuffs.
Highlights
After 36 h of incubation, ZEN residues in the supernatant of the corn meal medium were 0.12 and 0.97 ppm, respectively, i.e., B. amyloliquefaciens LN decreased the concentration of ZEN 92.3%, while B. amyloliquefaciens American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 23350 decreased the concentration of ZEN 37.8% in the ZEN-contaminated corn meal medium (Fig 5). These results indicated that the ZEN removal ability of B. amyloliquefaciens LN was significantly greater than that of B. amyloliquefaciens ATCC 23350
We found that B. amyloliquefaciens LN reduced the ZEN concentration in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) from 5 ppm to 3.28 ppm immediately after coming into contact with ZEN (Fig 4), indicating that B. amyloliquefaciens LN cells may possess ZEN adsorption ability
We found that B. amyloliquefaciens LN further reduced the ZEN concentration in PBS to 0.36 ppm after 4 h of incubation, and the amount of ZEN adsorbed by the cells of B. amyloliquefaciens LN cells did not increase with the extension of incubation time
Summary
The aim of this study was to characterize a Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain with ZEN removal ability
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