Islamic Contributions to Scientific and Technological Development in Astronomy, Mathematics, Medicine, and Chemistry

<p>The progress of Islamic civilization is inseparable from the influence of the emergence and rapid development of Islamic astronomy. Islam leads the world civilization and breaks the record as the longest-running civilization lasting more than 14 centuries. At this time, astronomical activities in the Islamic world began to develop intensively. This condition cannot be separated from the role of al-Khwarizmi who made a very valuable contribution. The construction of his thinking which was based on mathematical astronomy made him the foundation of the development of Islamic astronomy, in addition to its development of the geocentric theory of Aristotle and Ptolemy. This is the real contribution of al-Khwarizmi that is very large and fundamental in the heyday of medieval Islam which eventually became the starting point of the scientific development and subsequent Muslim astronomers to date. The emergence of various observatories and planetariums which made observations with more modern tools finally gave birth to many new theories in the study of world astronomy. This study explores al-Khwarizmi's role in the growth and development of astronomy in his time to the present.</p>

The Development of technology has a major impact on the development of Astronomy. The focus of this research is to analyze the impacts of the digitalization era on the development of Islamic astronomy discourses in Indonesia. This research is library research with a qualitative approach which aims to find out how the contribution of technology in the development of astronomy in Indonesia. The author's data sources in this study are scientific notes either in the form of books or notes from electronic media. The results of this study indicate that astronomy practitioners have made a new breakthrough in the development of astronomy, namely creating digital data-based applications to assist calculations. This scientific collaboration with technology and digitalization creates a harmony between astronomy and technology, thus making the study of astronomy in Indonesia more accommodating to digital era instead of just revolving around the study of science and religion.

The formation and development of the digital economy, in many key aspects, depends on the quality and efficiency of the functioning of the institutions of the corresponding institutional environment, especially in the field of scientific and technological development. The purpose of the article is a comprehensive study of the fundamental principles of the formation and development of the institutional environment of scientific and technological development in the digital economy in order to highlight the main approaches to the effective development of the institutional environment of scientific and technological development in the digital economy. The objectives of the study are: a more detailed analysis of the formation and formation of the digital economy; assessment of digital economy development indicators; identifying and updating the main functions of the institutional environment for scientific and technological development in the digital economy; identifying the main approaches to the effective development of the institutional environment for scientific and technological development in the digital economy. During the research process, the following methods of scientific knowledge were used: general scientific (analysis, synthesis, grouping), comparative and statistical analyses, logical generalization, methods of economic analysis. Scientific novelty of the research - the authors conducted a study of the influence of the fundamental principles of the formation and development of the institutional environment of scientific and technological development in the digital economy, identified the main functions of the institutional environment of scientific and technological development in the digital economy; The main approaches to the effective development of the institutional environment for scientific and technological development in the digital economy are proposed. The authors analyzed in more detail the formation and formation of the digital economy. A certain relationship between the digital economy and scientific and technological development of the Russian Federation has been identified. An assessment of indicators for the development of the digital economy in the Russian Federation was also carried out. The authors identified and supplemented the main functions of the institutional environment for scientific and technological development in the digital economy. The authors concluded that the development of the digital economy in the Russian Federation is closely interconnected with the indicators of scientific and technological development of our country. For the successful functioning of the institutional environment of scientific and technological development of the Russian Federation in the digital economy, it is necessary to apply the following approaches: platform, project and institutional.

Measuring scientific development is a difficult task. Different metrics have been put forward to evaluate scientific development; in this paper we explore a metric that uses the number of peer-reviewed, and when available non-peer-reviewed articles, research research articles as an indicator of development in the field of astronomy. We analyzed the available publication record, using the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Database System, by country affiliation in the time span between 1950 and 2011 for countries with a Gross National Income of less than 14,365 USD in 2010. This represents 149 countries. We propose that this metric identifies countries in `astronomy development' with a culture of research publishing. We also propose that for a country to develop astronomy it should invest in outside expert visits, send their staff abroad to study and establish a culture of scientific publishing. Furthermore, we propose that this paper may be used as a baseline to measure the success of major international projects, such as the International Year of Astronomy 2009.

Relevance. In light of the growing interest in the scientific and technological development of regions, setting goals for scientific and technological advancement at the national level, the issue of developing programs for the development of science and education leading to the technological sovereignty of the country becomes relevant.The purpose is to analyze the ongoing programs for scientific and technological development of the regions of the Volga Federal District, as well as individual indicators characterizing the dynamics of the scientific and educational sector of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.Objectives: conduct an economic and statistical analysis of the main indicators characterizing the scientific and technological progress of the regions of the Volga Federal District; identify regions of the Volga Federal District in which state programs for scientific and technological development have been developed, and consider their features.Methodology. The study used methods of economic-statistical and comparative analysis.Results. A review of state programs for scientific and technological development shows that four pilot regions of the Volga Federal District (Nizhny Novgorod region, Republic of Tatarstan, Republic of Bashkortostan and Republic of Mordovia) have already developed corresponding programs, and two regions (Orenburg region and Perm Territory) are under development. The remaining regions either have state programs that indirectly indicate the development of scientific and technological potential, or they do not exist.Conclusions. Scientific and technological development programs represent an important document that defines strategic guidelines for the development of science, technology and higher education. Regions that have already developed state programs for scientific and technological development have a high scientific reserve and are located in the top positions in the National Rating of Scientific and Technological Development of Regions. Such regions show strong results in the scientific and educational sector, which contributes to improving the economic and social development of the region. A systematic analysis of these programs makes it possible to identify their impact on various aspects of social life, as well as determine the effectiveness of the measures taken and mechanisms for achieving the set goals. It is important to take into account the variety of approaches to the development and implementation of strategic programs, which should be aimed at the unique characteristics of the country’s regions, their bottlenecks and development prospects, taking into account an assessment of their potential.

The fellowship of research productivity (PQ) granted by the national council for scientific and technological development (CNPq), besides the financial support, renders a significant status among Brazilian researchers of all areas of knowledge. Consequently, both the profile and the criteria for holding a PQ fellowship become of interest to the entire Brazilian scientific community. In this paper, we model the decision criteria as a weighted sum of the scientific production and the supervisory experience of an applicant for PQ fellowship. The scientific production is measured as the number of publications grouped according to the QUALIS system provided by the Brazilian federal agency for the improvement of higher education (CAPES). The Lattes curricula of PQ fellows in the field of mathematics, along with the curricula of many non-PQ researchers of similar institutions, were used to estimate a criteria for receiving PQ fellowship in category 2. By allowing a certain tolerance, the model reproduced the decision criteria within acceptable bounds over a database composed of 320 curricula.

The fellowship of research productivity (PQ) granted by the national council for scientific and technological development (CNPq), besides the financial support, renders a significant status among Brazilian researchers of all areas of knowledge. Consequently, both the profile and the criteria for holding a PQ fellowship become of interest to the entire Brazilian scientific community. In this paper, we model the decision criteria as a weighted sum of the scientific production and the supervisory experience of an applicant for PQ fellowship. The scientific production is measured as the number of publications grouped according to the QUALIS system provided by the Brazilian federal agency for the improvement of higher education (CAPES). The Lattes curricula of the successful applicants for the PQ fellowship in the field of mathematics and statistics, along with the curricula of many non-PQ fellows of similar institutions, were used to estimate the criteria adopted in the last call for PQ <br />fellowship in category 2. By allowing a certain tolerance, the model reproduced the decision criteria within acceptable bounds using the previous and the current QUALIS systems over a database composed of 234 curricula. As a consequence, the model may help to decide whether a researcher applicant is worthy to receive a PQ fellowship. Furthermore, it confirmed the recognized value of publications in journals with an elevated rank in the QUALIS system.

Objective 600 questionnaires from hospital employee were collected and conducted statistical analysis to identify the internal and external factors that have influence on the staff development of scientific research level, which also aimed to figure out the way to raise employee awareness of scientific research, as well as enhancing the scientific and technological development in hospital. Methods Questionnaire survey was conducted to establish a database, SPSS18.0 survey data descriptive analysis applied, variance analysis using x2 test, P <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Statistical analysis and comparative study were conducted to figure out the awareness of hospital scientific and technology development from employees from different positions with different education levels, the difference was statistically significant (P <0.05). Hospital staff have generally high level awareness of scientific research, obey the normal distribution basically, recognition rate is more than 93.5%, particularly, higher education staff have a better awareness and contribution to the development of the hospital. Conclusions According to the analysis, this paper proposed to build a platform for the establishment of performance evaluation and incentive system, to improve the management system and other measures to further enhancing the research and development of hospital staff awareness, thereby increasing the overall scientific research level of the hospital. Key words: Scientific development; The internal and external factors; Awareness; Statistical analysis

To appropriately study the assimilation of Islamic values in scientific and technological development, one must define scientific and technological development, establish the relevance of Islamic values and identify the process of assimilation.Development is a multi-faceted process. Scientific and technological development is one face of this process, relating to the ability of a society to apply scientific discoveries and technological innovations to raise the based human activity. The tenets of Muslim, or Islamic science, differ from those ofthe non-Muslim or non-Islamic science. The resulting scientific and technological development is both a product ofthe underlying values as well as a determinant of what values shall prevail in the society undergoing that process.Islam lays down a purpose for a Muslim life, establishes a system that governs it and defines relationships that are guided by the 'purpose' and circumscribed by the 'system'. Nothing, much less scientific and technological development, can fall outside these guidelines - for Islam is life itself.The concepts of Tawheed, Khilafah and Ibadah and the principles of universalism, tolerance, respect for knowledge and the unity of ummah are among the pillars on which the edifice of Islamic science rests. They form the Islamic values which must be inculcated in contemporary science if it is to playa role in rejuvenating the great Islamic civilization. Since scientific and technological development in the Muslim world cannot be halted and overhauled, a continuous and deliberate process of assimilation of Islamic values in scientific and technological development is called for. This must be accomplished on a long-term basis through Islamization of the entire educational process, and on a short-term basis through determined reshaping of the planning and policy-making processes in the Muslim world.Above all, before the assimilation of Islamic values in scientific andtechnological development can take place, Islam itself must command thetotal loyalty and commitment ofthe Muslim society. With that commitment the process of assimilation will yield a well-woven fabric of development.Without that commitment, the result willbe patchwork ofdiscordant elements ready to be torn to pieces by any serious challenge to its validity.

The subject of the research is the mechanism of legal regulation of the processes for the implementation of national programs in the field of scientific and technological development of the Russian Federation. The work analyzes the theoretical and legal foundations of this institution; it examines the targeted directions for the development of legal regulation specified in the National Projects and other documents regulating the achievement of national development goals; it analyzes the current state and compliance of existing legal mechanisms with established priorities; it identifies shortcomings and conflicts in the regulation of scientific and technological development; it proposes measures to improve its normative regulation and organizational-legal forms for the practical implementation of the provisions of strategic planning documents. Special attention is given to the fact that the documents containing the fundamental principles of state policy in this area pay insufficient attention to legal regulation, primarily stating goals and tasks, as well as planned outcomes to be achieved. It is justified that it is necessary to supplement and expand the regulation of technological development directions both with newly adopted normative legal acts and by amending existing ones. To conduct the research, a methodology was used that included an analytical review of strategic planning documents, the normative legal framework, drafts of normative legal acts, and scientific literature on the subject of research, as well as the generalization and systematization of data and the formation of proposals to resolve the identified problems. The results of the research showed the inadequacy of the existing legal framework for the effective implementation of measures to achieve scientific and technological development. Thus, the main criteria and a list of indicators for assessing the effectiveness of the activities of federal executive authorities for achieving prioritized directions of scientific and technological development have not been established. The legal norms that define specific steps for the implementation of the main directions of scientific and technological development of the Russian Federation at the current stage of the implementation of National Projects are still in the formation stage, which corresponds to the criteria outlined in the foundational documents. The novelty of the research lies in the identification and justification of the potential of the legal regulation mechanism in the field of scientific and technological development. Specific ways to improve legal regulation for each of the seven directions of scientific and technological development are proposed. In particular, changes to Federal Law No. 127-FZ "On Science and State Scientific and Technological Policy" and recommendations for the creation of a technological code are suggested.

Some scientific enquirers were keen to develop and apply the methods and insights which had brought about, in the late seventeenth century, the so-called Scientific Revolution: certain major advances in discovering the operations of natural laws. For the great majority of Europeans, however, such ideas and the standards of proof implied were little understood. The developments in astronomy, mathematics and physics associated especially with Isaac Newton (1642–1727) were resisted in some intellectual circles, particularly in France where the influence of the ideas of Descartes (1596–1650) was very strong. The new science was ignored by much of the population, and the new cosmology was not accepted by all. In Viterbo in Italy, where there was a hot spring, the local people thought that it was bottomless and communicated with Hell. It was still widely believed that astrological anatomies and zodiacs were keys to character and guides to the future, that extra-terrestrial forces intervened in the affairs of the world, particularly human and animal health and the state of the crops and weather, and that each constellation in the zodiac presided over a particular part of man, guidance to this process being provided by almanacs.

The Development of astronomy, physics and mathematics at Jagellonian University in the last two centuries on the background of historical changes in Cracow

Ancient and medieval India produced a host of eminent scholars who contributed richly to the development of astronomy and mathematics. For about four centuries since the fourteenth century c.e. there was an upsurge in Indian mathematical activities centred at Kerala. The achievements of this period have quite a different flavor in the sense that the barriers of the finite were broken and the highly fertile area of the infinite explored. The discipline attained new heights with the discovery and analysis of the infinite series for the circumference and the power series for half chords. Attempts to increase accuracy and expedite convergence by transforming partial sums using correction terms opened the doors of series approximation and error analysis. En route, heavy knockings on the doors of calculus and infinitesimal analysis can be heard. This article outlines some of these major discoveries and attempts to take a peep into the methodology and motivations. The emphasis laid by Indian mathematicians in general, and Kerala mathematicians in particular, on the notion of proof, the different types of proofs used, the purpose of rationale, the nature, and style of exposition are examined briefly. Commentaries and other expository works are capable of throwing light on the methodology and motivations in Indian mathematics.

Technological developments in astronomy have long helped to answer some of the greatest questions tackled by humanity, recounts Owen Gingerich.

This study sorts out the assessment methods of the development and application of science and technology at home and abroad, and explores the breakthrough point of the identification and assessment of science and technology risk. Scientific and technological development monitoring, scientific and technological research and development review, scientific and technological exchange management are three major aspects of scientific and technological risk identification and evaluation strategy research in this study. Scientific and technological development monitoring is to grasp the overall environment of science and technology at the general level. Scientific and technological development review can prevent and control scientific and technological risks from the source of scientific and technological research and development. Scientific and technological exchange management can reduce the impact of scientific and technological risks on the whole society from the level of national security. China has formed a relatively complete index system for monitoring the development of science and technology. In the review of science and technology research and development, scientific knowledge and technology patents can be used to mitigate the risk of science and technology. In terms of management of scientific and technological exchanges, China should establish a sense of subject, master core technologies, control cooperation, strengthen supervision and make rational use of achievements.