Is there a crowding-out effect between school expenditure and mother's child care time?

Abstract

The effect of a change in school expenditure decisions on the amount of time mothers devote to child care is examined. The results demonstrate that school expenditure is important in determining mother's child care time. Furthermore, empirical study shows that there is a crowding-out effect between school expenditure and mother's child care time in the lesser-educated families. This finding implies that existing studies have overestimated the true effect of school expenditure on student performance, because they have ignored this crowding-out effect.