Is competition important to arctic zooplankton community structure?

Abstract

Summary1. Daphnia pulex and Daphnia middendorffiana are commonly found in the Toolik Lake region of arctic Alaska. These two species are very similar morphologically, although their natural distributions differ markedly: D. pulex is restricted to shallow ponds, while D. middendorffiana is widely distributed and found in a variety of ponds and lakes. We compared the reproductive capabilities of D. pulex and D. middendorffiana grown under similar resource conditions and in the absence of the invertebrate predator Heterocope septentrionalis. In situ life table and mesocosm experiments were conducted in Toolik Lake and Dam Pond, habitats that have historically contained natural populations of D. middendorffiana, but never D. pulex.2. Daphnia pulex exhibited a significantly higher net growth rate than D. middendorffiana in both life table and mesocosm experiments although D. pulex has never been found in either Toolik Lake or Dam Pond. Daphnia middendorffiana exhibited a negative net growth rate in Dam Pond, which had lower resource levels then Toolik Lake. Therefore, the smaller D. pulex appears to have a lower food threshold concentration than the larger D. middendorffiana.3. Our results indicate that D. pulex is a superior resource competitor in the Toolik Lake region. These results combined with distributional patterns suggest that the restricted distribution of D. pulex in these arctic lakes and ponds cannot be explained by resource competition alone. We suggest that in the presence of H. septentrionalis, predation is an important factor structuring arctic zooplankton communities in the Toolik Lake region.