Abstract
In the race to enhance agricultural productivity, irrigation will become more dependent on poorly characterized and virtually unmonitored sources of water. Increased use of irrigation water has led to impaired water and soil quality in many areas. Historically, soil salinization and reduced crop productivity have been the primary focus of irrigation water quality. Recently, there is increasing evidence for the occurrence of geogenic contaminants in water. The appearance of trace elements and an increase in the use of wastewater has highlighted the vulnerability and complexities of the composition of irrigation water and its role in ensuring proper crop growth, and long-term food quality. Analytical capabilities of measuring vanishingly small concentrations of biologically-active organic contaminants, including steroid hormones, plasticizers, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products, in a variety of irrigation water sources provide the means to evaluate uptake and occurrence in crops but do not resolve questions related to food safety or human health effects. Natural and synthetic nanoparticles are now known to occur in many water sources, potentially altering plant growth and food standard. The rapidly changing quality of irrigation water urgently needs closer attention to understand and predict long-term effects on soils and food crops in an increasingly fresh-water stressed world.
Highlights
Irrigation is the controlled use of multiple water sources in a timely manner for increased or sustained crop production
Contemporary topics include emerging contaminants with separate sections on organizedpharmaceuticals, as a short summary of conventional measures of irrigation water quality followed by antibiotics, steroid hormones, pesticides, cyanotoxins and mycotoxins, biological a more detailed evaluation the contemporary irrigation qualitysuch issues on soil contaminants bacteria, of virus andimpact antibioticofresistance genes, modern inorganicwater contaminants, as and crop quality
Traces of pharmaceuticals and personal care products have been identified in a variety of freshwater sources, including drinking water [44], groundwater [45], and surface water [45]
Summary
Irrigation is the controlled use of multiple water sources in a timely manner for increased or sustained crop production. This review article looks at previous to define irrigation water quality effect and compares to a current perspective with respect toapproaches impacts on human health It evaluates the long-term influence of the changing quality of wateron sources usedhealth. The article emphasizes contemporary water quality issues like new or emerging contaminants, pathogens, discusses traditional irrigation water quality concerns, such as salinization, it mainly emphasizes geogenic trace elements and engineered nanomaterials. Thesemeasures contaminants are widespread moreand detailed evaluation of the water impact of contemporary water quality issues on soilThe and article is conventional unconventional sources used irrigation for modern-day irrigation. Contemporary topics include emerging contaminants with separate sections on organizedpharmaceuticals, as a short summary of conventional measures of irrigation water quality followed by antibiotics, steroid hormones, pesticides, cyanotoxins and mycotoxins, biological a more detailed evaluation the contemporary irrigation qualitysuch issues on soil contaminants bacteria, of virus andimpact antibioticofresistance genes, modern inorganicwater contaminants, as and crop quality. Treatment approaches are likely to be tailored to sources, and irrigation water sources are highly varied depending on climate, population, industry, crop, and livestock density
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