Abstract
When sea-urchin eggs are irradiated or treated with chemical inhibitors, cleavage is usually delayed and mitoses may be morphologically abnormal. This chapter presents examples of the stimulation of premature mitosis, briefly summarizes the general properties of division delay, examines cases of specific inhibition at different mitotic stages, and explores some of the causes of the major division abnormalities. It attempts to provide concise comparisons among the cytologic effects of diverse agents but not to tabulate all of the effects of each agent to which dividing sea-urchin eggs have been exposed. The early literature concerning these problems has been catalogued (HARVEY, 1956), and references to general topics mentioned without literature citation may be found therein. The effects of specific drugs on echinoderm eggs have been summarized (KARNOFSKY and SIMMEL, 1963) and the effects of radiation on sea-urchin eggs reviewed (RUSTAD, 1971). Works on cellular radiation effects are available (ELKIND and WHITMORE, 1967; Altman et al., 1970), and the effects of chemicals on dividing cells have been analyzed extensively (KIHLMAN, 1966). Like that earlier classic treatise on the cell (WILSON, 1924), a more recent analysis of the mitotic cycle is a permanent contribution to our understanding of the problems discussed in this chapter (MAZIA, 1961).
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