Abstract
In this review, we discuss the recent advances in and problems with the use of magnetically-guided and magnetically-responsive nanoparticles in drug delivery and magnetofection. In magnetically-guided nanoparticles, a constant external magnetic field is used to transport magnetic nanoparticles loaded with drugs to a specific site within the body or to increase the transfection capacity. Magnetofection is the delivery of nucleic acids under the influence of a magnetic field acting on nucleic acid vectors that are associated with magnetic nanoparticles. In magnetically-responsive nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles are encapsulated or embedded in a larger colloidal structure that carries a drug. In this last case, an alternating magnetic field can modify the structure of the colloid, thereby providing spatial and temporal control over drug release.
Highlights
IntroductionNanotechnology is a multidisciplinary branch of science that encompasses numerous fields of science and technology, including biomedicine, pharmaceutics, agricultural sciences, environmental sciences, advanced materials science, chemistry, physics, electronics, information technology, and others [1]
Nanotechnology is a multidisciplinary branch of science that encompasses numerous fields of science and technology, including biomedicine, pharmaceutics, agricultural sciences, environmental sciences, advanced materials science, chemistry, physics, electronics, information technology, and others [1].In biomedicine, nanoscale materials are of special importance due to their size being compatible with cells (10–100 μm), viruses (20–450 nm), proteins (5–50 nm) and genes (2 nm wide by 10–100 nm long).Nanomaterials are small enough to move inside the body without disrupting normal functions and can access places that are inaccessible to other materials [2]
This review focuses on the use of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONs) as particles that, after having been loaded with a drug or nucleic acids, can be directed to a chosen site via blood circulation by applying a localized external magnetic field
Summary
Nanotechnology is a multidisciplinary branch of science that encompasses numerous fields of science and technology, including biomedicine, pharmaceutics, agricultural sciences, environmental sciences, advanced materials science, chemistry, physics, electronics, information technology, and others [1]. The large surface-to-volume ratio of MNPs provides abundant chemically-active sites for biomolecule conjugation, allowing for precise design and engineering in order for them to meet their intended functions, such as long-lasting circulation in the blood stream, target specificity to lesion tissue, optical detectability and therapeutic delivery [6,7]. Their magnetic properties enable MNPs to be used in numerous applications related to drug and gene delivery, diagnostics and therapeutics. When IONs are encapsulated in some colloidal systems, such as liposomes or gels, the colloidal structure may become sensitive to an external magnetic field, and partial modification of the structure can result in the controlled release of the encapsulated drug
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