Abstract
Seven varieties of Tajik legumes and two Tajik snack type ready-to-eat (RTE) whole/split chickpeas were analyzed for iron in raw and cooked legumes and for naturally occurring folate content in cooked legumes. Iron was measured according to AACC method 40 - 41B. Folate contents were determined by microbiological (Lactobacillus casei subsp. Rhamnosus ATCC 7469) and high-performance liquid chromatography analysis utilizing a tri-enzyme treatment (pro-tease, α-amylase and conjugase). Folate derivatives of tetrahydrofolate, 5-formyl-tetrahydrofolate and 5-methyl- -tetrahydrofolate were identified and quantified. Iron content for Tajik legumes ranged from 5.52 to 13.27 mg/100 g for raw; 2.81 to 4.12 mg/100 g for cooked and 4.37 and 4.76 mg/100 g for RTE chickpeas. The total folate content of cooked legumes ranged from 53 to 81 µg/100 g for beans; 133 to 203 µg/100 g for peas, and from 39 to 22 µg/100 g for small and large lentils, respectively. The predominant form of folate in legumes was tetrahydrofolate, followed by 5-formyl-tetrahydrofolate and 5-methyl-tetrahydrofolate.
Highlights
Vitamin and mineral deficiencies are prevalent in Central Asia with a high prevalence of iron and folate deficiency [1]
Seven varieties of Tajik legumes and two Tajik snack type ready-to-eat (RTE) whole/split chickpeas were analyzed for iron in raw and cooked legumes and for naturally occurring folate content in cooked legumes
Each variety of raw and cooked legumes was analyzed in triplicate for iron measurements; for folate measurements, cooked legumes were analyzed in triplicate
Summary
Vitamin and mineral deficiencies ( known as “hidden hunger”) are prevalent in Central Asia with a high prevalence of iron and folate deficiency [1]. Anemia is the most common blood disorder in adults [2]. Both iron and folate deficiencies contribute to the prevalence of anemia [3]. The annual estimate of iron-deficiency anemia is 42% among Tajik women between 15 - 49 years old; approximately 100 maternal deaths per year occur from severe anemia [4]. In the geographic region surrounding Dushanbe (the capital of Tajikistan), but not including the capital, a high rate (73.7%) of folic acid deficiency in women was found [5]. Iron intake from animal products was negligible among Tajik women [5]. Folate intake from consumption of green leafy vegetables was 15.6%; 11.6% from melons and pumpkins; and 1.5% from fruits and berries [5]
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