Irish Materialisms

Data Desire in the Anthropocene

Between 1879 and 1882 a mass agrarian movement, led by the Irish National Land League, became a strong, all-encompassing force in Irish life for a brief but crucial period. This movement, one of the largest agrarian movements to take place in nineteenth-century Europe, has been treated as a nationalist movement, with emphasis of study placed on the role, contributions and aims of the league’s national leaders. These men, seeking their own varieties of self-government, saw the land movement as means to a political end. To them the land agitation provided a stepping-stone to national independence. It was the Irish peasantry, however, motivated primarily by economic considerations, that provided the driving force behind the movement, and at this level Irish peasant women made major contributions to the agrarian revolt. In this study the Land League movement is viewed as an agrarian protest movement; its purpose is to examine in particular the roles played by the Irish peasant women during the Land League period.These contributions have not been adequately recognised in historical literature. Recently the role of the Irish peasant has been duly acknowledged, but in these discussions a male image usually appears. When the Irish women’s role in the land movement is examined, it is done so in the context of the organisation known as the Ladies’ Land League. These studies concentrate on the activities of the upper- and middle-class urban leaders, particularly the Parnell sisters. But to dwell only on the Ladies’ Land League as the focus of women’s participation in the Land League movement is far too narrow, for it obscures the fact that hundreds of peasant women were fighting the Land War on a daily basis long before the formation of the women’s organisation. The papers of some of the local branches of the Land League provide evidence which shows that Irish rural women participated in the Land War from its beginning. Although the archival sources of the Land League period are biased towards men, enough material regarding the peasant women’s activities, admittedly limited and somewhat sparse, does exist to allow a strong argument to be put forward that peasant women performed effectively in the Land War.

Currently, the electrical energy crisis is one of the major issues in Pakistan. The inhabitants are facing 10-12 hours of load shedding in urban area and 14-20 hours in rural area on daily basis. The demand for electric power is much higher than its generation. This paper is focused on the available potential of hydropower in Pakistan. Pakistan has the potential of 60GW of hydroelectric power in its different regions. We have been able to produce only 7407 MW of electric power from hydro resources so far. The growth of large hydropower sector is standing still. Although the small hydropower plant is developing rapidly in the country. About 2070 MW of electrical power will be generated from the small power plant at the end of 2021. However, the hurdles in the development of new hydro plants i.e. Strategy and monitoring, Funds, policies, unavailability of hydro data and social barriers are slowing the development of hydropower sector. The hydropower needs full attention due to its low contribution to global warming due to its environmentally friendly nature.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is an interface with the physical world that usually operates in random-sparse-event (RSE) scenarios. This article discusses main challenges of IoT chips: power consumption, power supply, artificial intelligence (AI), small-signal acquisition, and evaluation criteria. To overcome these challenges, many works recently aimed at IoT system design have emerged. This work reviews the architecture and circuit innovations that have contributed to IoT developments. This paper does not cover security of IoT. Event-driven architectures and nonuniform sampling ADCs significantly reduce the long-term average power. Besides, embedding AI engines in IoT nodes (AIoT) is one critical trend. The computing-in-memory technique improves the energy efficiency of the AI engine. Asynchronous spike neural networks (ASNNs) AI engines show low power potential. In addition to data processing, small-signal acquisition is also critical. The charge-domain analog-front-end (AFE) techniques such as floating inverter-based amplifiers improve energy efficiency. In addition to the above low power and high energy efficiency technologies, energy harvesting can also enhance the lifetime of AIoT devices. This article discusses recent ambient RF and natural energy harvesting approaches and high-efficiency DC-DC with a wide load range. Finally, novel evaluation criteria are introduced to establish benchmark standards for AIoT chips.

George Cornewall Lewis, Irish character and the Irish poor law debate, 1833–1836

During recent years, studies and investigations have attributed increased significance to the gases generated in a transformer relative to incipient faults. Early detection of incipient faults has prevented equipment failures and thus potential power outages. The generated gases can result from arcing, corona, electrolysis of water or general overheating of the insulation. Unless a failure occurs, these incipient faults will go undetected electrically. However, the faults do cause deterioration of solid and/or liquid insulation and this deterioration results in a greater likelihood of equipment failure as gases are generated. The composition of the gases formed varies with the type and magnitude of fault but nearly always includes hydrogen and/or carbon dioxide and quite often the lower molecular weight hydrocarbons such as methane, ethane, ethylene, etc. Improvements have been made in the gas detection and evaluation techniques for transformers and a very reliable procedure consists of carefully drawing a gas or oil sample into a special container with the analysis being performed later. However, this method is impractical on a daily basis even though it is desirable to have continuous monitoring of the conditions inside a power transformer. This paper describes a method developed under a contract with the Electric Power Research Institute which permits continuous monitoring of a transformer for the presence of certain gases whose presence motivates a search for the source of the gas. The oil from the transformer is continually moved past a polymeric membrane, the gases present are defused through the membrane and collected. Once a day, a measured portion of the collected gases are transferred to the detection system for analysis. While all the gases present in the oil are collected by the permeation cell, the analytical system is specifically sensitive to hydrogen and carbon dioxide. The device will sound an alarm when a predetermined level of these gases are present. The following sections discuss the various components of the extraction-analytical system and the development program by which the operating parameters were determined.

A phenomenon characterized by the experience of seeing light without any light actually entering the eye is called phosphenes or photopsias. Phosphenes can occur spontaneously or via induction by external stimuli. Previous reports regarding phosphenes have primarily focused on externally induced phosphenes such as by applying alternating or direct current to the cortex. A few of these reports used functional magnetic resonance (fMRI) to study activations induced by cortical phosphenes. However, there are no fMRI reports on spontaneous phosphenes originating from the retina and the resulting pattern of cortical activations. We performed fMRI during a reversing checkerboard paradigm in three LCA patients who underwent unilateral gene therapy and reported experiencing frequent phosphene on a daily basis. We observed bilateral cortical activation covering the entire visual cortices when patients reported experiencing phosphenes. In contrast, in the absence of phosphenes, activation was regulated by patient's visual ability and demonstrated improved cortical activation due to gene therapy. These fMRI results illustrate the potential impact of phosphene perception on visual function and they may explain some of the variability that clinicians find in visual function testing in retinal degeneration. Although we did not perform correlations between visual function and phosphenes, we hope data presented here raises awareness of this phenomenon and its potential effect on visual function and the implications for clinical testing. We recommend a thorough history for phosphene experiences be taken in patients with retinal disease who are candidates for gene or molecular therapy. Lastly, these data illustrate the potential power of fMRI as an outcome measure of gene therapy and the negative impact phosphenes may have on vision testing. fMRI has proven to be a sensitive, non-invasive, and reproducible test paradigm for these purposes and can complement standard visual function testing.

This paper explores, the hotly debated topic among economists and policymakers, whether fiscal and monetary policies impact on households by examining the relevance of the absolute income hypothesis in explaining private consumption expenditure and its relationship with household disposable income in South Africa. Worldwide, private consumption expenditure remains a big puzzle for leading consumption function theories. Friedman’s permanent income hypothesis posits that private consumption expenditure is not affected by how much consumers earn on a daily basis, but by what they expect to earn during their lifetime. Friedman’s permanent income hypothesis is at odds with Keynes’s absolute income hypothesis, that private consumption expenditure is affected by fiscal stimulus policies, which are effective for increasing economic activity and employment. Subscribing to the former underrates the potential power of fiscal stimulus policies and other monetary or trade policies that boost short-term income. The overarching objective of this paper is to ascertain whether patterns of private consumption expenditure in South Africa are determined by Friedman or Keynes’s theory. The paper specified econometric equations with quarterly seasonally adjusted data from the South African Reserve Bank for the sample period 1984 to 2015 and estimated them with cointegration techniques consisting of the Engle-Granger two-step approach. The importance of the paper and its scientific novelty are that it is more realistic since it specified models that take into account the reaction time of the dependent variable when the independent variable changes by imposing lags on the variables. The empirical results indicate that in South Africa, when household disposable income changes over time, private consumption expenditure depends more on a household’s previous disposable income than its current disposable income. The main empirical finding is that the absolute income hypothesis is not appropriate in explaining private consumption expenditure in this country. Even when the interest rate was included in a modified absolute income hypothesis, the overall estimates were not robust. Hence, estimates of the short- and long-run regression models were not consistent with the absolute income hypothesis. This is in line with arguments put forward in some extant studies using this model, that the fiscal stimulus policies might not generate the desired increased economic activity and employment. If households use money from the fiscal stimulus policies to bail themselves out of existing debts rather than consume additional goods and services which, would be the catalyzer to increase Gross Domestic Product (GDP).

Reclaiming the Wasteland: Samson and Delilah and the Historical Perception and Construction of Indigenous Knowledges in Australian Cinema

Suprijo, T.; Poerbo, P.R.; Park, H.; Kartadikaria, A.R., and Yosi, M., 2021. Potential ocean thermal energy conversion in Indonesian waters territory. In: Lee, J.L.; Suh, K.-S.; Lee, B.; Shin, S., and Lee, J. (eds.), Crisis and Integrated Management for Coastal and Marine Safety. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 114, pp. 285–289. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. This study aims to estimate Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) resources in Indonesian Seas using six years (from 2011 to 2016) daily basis data resulted from numerical simulation of high-resolution (1/10°) ocean model, namely Japan Coastal Ocean Predictability Experiment (JCOPE), with covering a wide area (e.g. 9°N to 11°S and 95°E to 141°E). Estimation of thermal power resources was calculated based on temperature differences between surface layer and deep layer with water depth of 20 m and 1000 m from sea surface respectively. The net output power generated from OTEC and also OTEC operation is sensitive to the fluctuation of the temperature differences, therefore we also analyzed sea surface temperature variability in Indonesia Seas, in order to identify suitable waters area for OTEC operation. We found that Southern coast of Java, Nusa Tenggara and Banda waters are unsuitable for OTEC deployment area because of high temperature variability on the sea surface that can cause instability of power output from OTEC operation. The area, where is favorable for OTEC operation in Indonesia waters, is estimated about 3,773,552.7 square kilometers with total potential power rate that can be harvested around 451.7 GW per day. Surface temperature in Indonesia Seas is also influenced by global phenomena, namely the El Niño and the La Niña. When the El Niño occurs in 2015 to 2016, potential thermal power resources are decrease into 442 GW. Meanwhile, when the La Niña occurs in 2011 to 2012, the OTEC power resources are increase to 460 GW.

Overturning the Sudden End: New Interpretations of Catastrophe

First, I acknowledge all of the Indigenous Peoples known as the original descendants, traditional right holders, and custodians, as well as their historical relations, to the lands upon which we live and benefit, still to this day. Specifically, I want to offer my respect and honor our kihtêhayak-the Old Ones, Knowledge Holders, Elders, and the children of the past, the present, and the future, for they hold the memories and the traditions and the hopes of all Indigenous Peoples across Turtle Island. I pay special tribute to my own ancestral beginnings, the traditional unceded and occupied territories of Beaver Lake Cree Nation and my grandmother, Marianne Bearskin, and her children, my mother Elma Bourque Bearskin who gave me life and shaped how I live in the world today, and in the everydayness of my nursing work, and my children who have helped me to journey through a life of caring, healing, and love. My family comes from the lands known

Use of metal-selective ligands in solvent extraction is instrumental in extraction of critical materials and recycling, yet, diluent effects on extraction performance are not well understood. Experimental and empirical solvent parameters have been proposed to correlate with extraction performance, but are often inadequate predictors. We follow the hypothesis that the diluents' primary influence on extraction efficiency is whether or not it hinders assembly of the bulky extracting ligands into a geometry necessary for metal complexation. This behavior is readily accessible with molecular dynamics (MD), where the atomistic description of molecules can be applied to arbitrary extractant-solvent molecules and their mixtures. Several simulated quantities are considered, from both pairwise and graph theoretical analyses, and compared to experimental distribution ratio data for americium extraction by TODGA in a series of inert, non-interacting diluents. These simple properties, especially the formation of closed triplets corresponding to the 3 : 1 ligand : metal stoichiometric solvate, suggest a potential predictive power of this approach. This methodology provides a path forward to comprehensively understand and predict diluent effects in more complex systems involving different extracting ligands and multi-component diluent mixtures.

From 1814 to 1913 the Irish police enforced laws that benefited the Protestant minority. Specifically, they collected tithes-payments to the Protestant Church-from tenant farmers who were mainly Catholic; aided landlords in the collection of rents and the eviction of tenants; suppressed the political groups who were trying to gain some rights for Irish peasants; and enforced insurrection, coercion, and criminal acts that were designed to impose tighter controls on the Catholic population through suppression of meetings, limits on freedom of speech, curfew, and imprisonment without trial. The Irish police were fully supported by the British administration in Dublin. At times, they used excessive force against the Irish peasantry while the government covered up their misdeeds and, on occasion, added a word of praise for them. The police were created, paid, directed, and pensioned off by the government. Thereby the British administration created a repressive police force to enforce its laws in Ireland.

Between the years 1879 and 1881, Irish peasants engaged their landlords in a bitter war over proprietary rights, also known as the land question. The Land War is also the story of how the Irish peasantry became a class for themselves and how they affected the course of Irish history. The Great Famine of 1845-1849 marks a structural turning point in Irish history. The famine had a profound impact on the structure of Irish agriculture. Until about 1876, Irish agriculture prospered. Irish tenants already faced a difficult process of economic reproduction in the decades after the Great Famine. The combination of agricultural crisis and exploitative relations of production forced the Irish peasantry to fight for its material survival, but it did not determine the form that struggle would take. Obstructionism was taken up by a handful of Irish MPs, most notably Charles Stewart Parnell, and had been developed into an effective political weapon by 1877.