IOT based Novel speedy Detection of Forest fire using Sensors with improved accuracy by sensing Temperature and Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Level using Node Microcontroller Unit in comparison with Arduino Microcontroller

Aim: This detailed research involves in improving the performance accuracy of forest fire detection in comparison between evergreen forest zone and temperate forest zone by sensing temperature and atmospheric carbon dioxide level. Materials and Method: In this analysis, Group 1 consists of temperature values (n = 16) and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration levels (n = 16) in an evergreen forest zone. Group 2 consists of temperature values (n = 16) and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration level (n = 16) after incidence of fire. This novel Fire detection method, the G-power analysis was done on the samples with maximum power of 0.8 for the system with an error correction of 0.5. Results: The proposed novel forest fire detection has a better accuracy in evergreen forest (93.3 %) in comparison with temperate forest (90.8 %). The significance value is observed to be 0.198 using temperature sensors and 0.219 using carbon dioxide sensors. Conclusion: The novel forest fire detection system using temperature and carbon dioxide sensors, appears to have better accuracy of 93.3 % to locate the existence of forest fire in evergreen forest.

Grass attack

Data laboriously extracted from an Antarctic ice core provide an unprecedented view of temperature, and levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide and methane, over the past 800,000 years of Earth's history. The air bubbles trapped in the Antarctic Vostok and EPICA Dome C ice cores provide composite records of levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide and methane covering the past 650,000 years. Now the record of atmospheric carbon dioxide and methane concentrations has been extended by two more complete glacial cycles to 800,000 years ago. The new data are from the lowest 200 metres of the Dome C core. This ice core went down to just a few metres above bedrock at a depth of 3,260 metres. Two papers report analyses of this deep ice, including the lowest carbon dioxide concentration so far measured in an ice core. Atmospheric carbon dioxide is strongly correlated with Antarctic temperature throughout the eight glacial cycles, but with significantly lower concentrations between 650,000 and 750,000 years before present. The cover shows a strip of ice core from an Antarctic ice core from Berkner Island, this slice from a depth of 120 metres. Photo by Chris Gilbert, British Antarctic Survey. Elsewhere in this issue, we move from climates past to future plans for climate prediction.

Summary During a period of a presumed world food crisis, the importance of climate and weather, and the rising level of atmospheric carbon dioxide are highlighted as important changes in the global environment. There is a dual and simultaneous effect of the rising level of atmospheric carbon dioxide on first, global warming and second, on the enhancement of crop productivity as reflected by an increased photosynthetic capacity, greater water use efficiency and alleviation of other crop stresses. Climate variability has a greater impact on agricultural productivity than does climate change. The rising level of atmospheric carbon dioxide is a universally free subsidy, gaining in magnitude with time, on which all can reckon when it comes to crop productivity.

The marine isotopic stage 11 (MIS 11) is an extraordinarily long interglacial period in the Earth's history that occurred some 400,000 years ago and lasted for about 30,000 years. During this period there were weak, astronomically induced changes in the distribution of solar energy reaching the Earth. The conditions of this orbital climate forcing are similar to those of today's interglacial period, and they rendered the climate susceptible to other forcing--for example, to changes in the level of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Here we use ice-core data from the Antarctic Vostok core to reconstruct a complete atmospheric carbon dioxide record for MIS 11. The record indicates that values for carbon dioxide throughout the interglacial period were close to the Earth's pre-industrial levels and that both solar energy and carbon dioxide may have helped to make MIS 11 exceptionally long. Anomalies in the oceanic carbonate system recorded in marine sediments at the time, for example while coral reefs were forming, apparently left no signature on atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations.

Effects of fuel and forest conservation on future levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide

Effects of fuel and forest conservation on future levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide

3 - Coal and “climate change”

The potential influence of increasing levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2 ) on water resources includes changes in evapotranspiration that result from control of stomatal resistance by CO2 and changes in precipitation and temperature caused by ‘greenhouse’ warming. In this study we investigate the potential effects of CO2 change on the hydrological response of a forested catchment in Shenandoah National Park, Virginia. Steady temporal trends are superimposed on stochastically derived time series of precipitation and temperature. These input data, which account for the natural variability of the system and the hypothetical effects of climate change, are then used to drive TOPMODEL, a variable‐source‐area hydrological model. A variety of climate‐change scenarios is simulated and temporal trends in annual average flow, peak flow, and basin yield are detected using Kendall's tau statistic. The direction and magnitude of the runoff trends are dependent on the relative magnitudes of the induced trends in precipitation, temperature, and stomatal resistance. Stochastic variability in temperature and precipitation obscure the runoff trends even when real trends in precipitation, temperature, and stomatal resistance are significant.

How to combat atmospheric carbon dioxide along with development activities? A mathematical model

The world’s oceans have played an important role in sequestering atmospheric carbon dioxide through solubility and the action of algae. Fixation of atmospheric carbon dioxide by photoautotrophic algal cultures has the potential to diminish the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, thereby helping to alleviate the trend toward global warming. This work investigates the role of algae in controlling the level of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Partial Rank Correlation Coefficients (PRCCs) technique is used to address how the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide is affected by changes in a specific parameter disregarding the uncertainty over the rest of the model parameters. Parameters related to algal growth are shown to significantly reduce the level of atmospheric CO2. Further, we explore the dynamics of nonautonomous system by incorporating the seasonal variations of some ecologically important model parameters. Our nonautonomous system exhibits globally attractive positive periodic solution, and also the appearance of double periodic solution is observed. Moreover, by letting the seasonally forced parameters as almost periodic functions of time, we show almost periodic behavior of the system. Our findings suggest that the policy makers should focus on continuous addition of nutrients in the ocean to accelerate the algal growth thereby reducing the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

SummarySoyabean (Glycine max) was grown at ambient and projected levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (+250 μmol mol−1 above ambient) over two field seasons with and without the presence of a weed, Abutilon theophrasti, to quantify the potential effect of rising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration on weed–crop interactions and potential yield loss in soyabean. Under weed‐free conditions, elevated CO2 resulted in stimulations in soyabean seed yield and associated components, including pod number. At an approximate density of 6 plants m−2, A. theophrasti competition resulted in a significant reduction (−40%) in soyabean seed yield. Although differences in seed yield reduction by A. theophrasti were observed as a function of year, the relative decrease in seed yield with A. theophrasti biomass did not differ in response to CO2. Although careful weed management will be necessary if CO2‐induced increases in seed yield for soyabean are to be achieved, these data suggest that soyabean seed yield may be more resilient in competition with A. theophrasti as a function of rising atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide.

ABSTRACTAlthough rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) is known to stimulate the growth of agronomic weeds, the impact of increasing CO2 on herbicide efficacy has not been elucidated for field‐grown crops. Genetically modified soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] (i.e., Round‐up Ready soybean) was grown over a 2‐yr period at ambient and projected levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2, 250 μmol mol−1 above ambient), with and without application of the herbicide, glyphosate [N‐(phosphonomethyl)glycine], to assess the impact of rising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration [CO2] on chemical efficacy of weed control. For both years, soybean showed a significant vegetative response to elevated [CO2], but no consistent effect on seed yield. For 2003, weed populations for all treatments consisted entirely of C4 grasses, with no [CO2] effects on weed biomass (unsprayed plots) or glyphosate efficacy (sprayed plots). However, in 2004, weed populations were mixed and included C3 and C4 broadleaves as well as C4 grasses. In this same year, a significant increase in both C3 broadleaf populations and total weed biomass was observed as a function of [CO2] (unsprayed plots). In addition, a [CO2] by glyphosate interaction was observed with significant C3 broadleaf weed biomass remaining after glyphosate application. Overall, these data emphasize the potential consequences for CO2–induced changes in weed populations, biomass, and subsequent glyphosate efficacy in Round‐up Ready soybean.

The mid-Cretaceous period was one of the warmest intervals of the past 140millionyears1-5, driven by atmospheric carbon dioxide levels of around 1,000parts per million by volume6. In the near absence of proximal geological records from south of the Antarctic Circle, it is disputed whether polar ice could exist under such environmental conditions. Here we use a sedimentary sequence recovered from the West Antarctic shelf-the southernmost Cretaceous record reported so far-and show that a temperate lowland rainforest environment existed at a palaeolatitude of about 82°S during the Turonian-Santonian age (92 to 83millionyearsago). This record contains an intact 3-metre-long network of in situ fossil roots embedded in a mudstone matrix containing diverse pollen and spores. A climate model simulation shows that the reconstructed temperate climate at this high latitude requires a combination of both atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations of 1,120-1,680parts per million by volume and a vegetated land surface without major Antarctic glaciation, highlighting the important cooling effect exerted by ice albedo under high levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide.

Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide may alter plant/herbivore interactions. The projected rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide is expected to increase plant productivity, but little evidence is available regarding effects on insect feeding or growth. Leaves of soybean plants grown under three carbon dioxide regimes (350, 500, and 650 µl/liter)were fed to soybean looper larvae. Larvae fed at increasingly higher rates on plants from elevated carbon dioxide atmospheres: 80% greater rates on leaves from the 650 µl/liter treatment than on leaves from the 350 µl/liter treatment. Variation in larval feeding was related to the leaf content of nitrogen and water and to the leaf-specific weight. each of which was altered by the carbon dioxide growth regime of the soybean plants. This study suggests that the impact of herbivores may increase as the level of atmospheric carbon dioxide rises.