Abstract
Electrodialysis related processes are effectively applied in desalination of sea and brackish water, waste water treatment, chemical process industry, and food and pharmaceutical industry. In this process, fundamental component is the ion exchange membrane (IEM), which allows the selective transport of ions. The evolvement of an IEM not only makes the process cleaner and energy-efficient but also recovers useful effluents that are now going to wastes. However ion-exchange membranes with better selectivity, less electrical resistance, good chemical, mechanical and thermal stability are appropriate for these processes. For the development of new IEMs, a lot of tactics have been applied in the last two decades. The intention of this paper is to briefly review synthetic aspects in the development of new ion-exchange membranes and their applications for electrodialysis related processes.
Highlights
Electrodialysis (ED) is an electro-driven separation process that is used for the highly efficient desalination of brackish water, the production of ultra-pure water, water softening and the removal of other charged impurities from water streams including waste water treatment to recover some valuable elements in chemical industry and production of many important chemicals
In 1960s, first salt production from sea water was realized by Asahi Co. with monovalent ion permselective membranes [5]; in 1969, the invention of electrodialysisis reversal (EDR) realized long-term run without salt precipitation or deposition on both membranes and electrodes [6]; in 1970s, a chemically stable cation exchange membrane based on sulfonated polytetra-fluorethylene was firstly developed by Dupont as Nafion® [7]; simultaneously, a composition of cation exchange layer and an anion exchange layer into a bipolar membrane in 1976 by Chlanda et al [8] brings many novelties in electrodialysis applications today [9]
The bipolar membranes are prepared by first modifying an anion exchange membranes (AEMs) via successive dipping LbL assembly, casting a thin highly charged intermediate layer followed by casting a cation exchange membranes (CEMs)
Summary
Electrodialysis (ED) is an electro-driven separation process that is used for the highly efficient desalination of brackish water, the production of ultra-pure water, water softening and the removal of other charged impurities from water streams including waste water treatment to recover some valuable elements in chemical industry and production of many important chemicals. The efficiency of this process depends on the use of ion exchange membranes (IEMs) to remove unwanted charged particles from the feed stream. It is focused on recent progress in synthesis and some new important applications of major homogeneous ion exchange membranes, hybrid ion exchange membranes, as well as bipolar membranes to illustrate the improvement in ED
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