Abstract
Background and objectives: Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is the most prevalent antibody impairment. It is characterized by failure in immunoglobulin and protective antibody generation and defined by an increased tendency toward bacterial infections, autoimmunity, and malignancy. Most CVID diagnoses do not follow a classical Mendelian pattern of inheritance. In recent years, CVID has been considered an epigenetic phenomenon in the majority of cases, overtaking previous monogenetic and/or polygenetic theories. The aim of this study was to review the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in CVID, focusing on the involvement of the same miRNAs in various non-infectious clinical complications of CVID, mainly autoimmunity and/or cancer. Materials and Methods: A bibliographic search of the scientific literature was carried out independently by two researchers in scientific databases and search engines. The MeSH terms “microRNAs” and “common variable immunodeficiency” were used. All research articles from inception to May 2020 were considered. Results: The literature data showed the involvement of two miRNAs in primary immunodeficiency: miR-142 and miR-155. Both of these miRNAs have been investigated through mice models, in which miR-142 and miR-155 were deleted. These knock-out (KO) mice models showed phenotypic analogies to CVID patients with hypogammaglobulinemia, adaptive immunodeficiency, polyclonal proliferation, lung disease, and enteric inflammation. miR-142 and miR-155 have been found to be involved in the following autoimmune and neoplastic clinical complications of CVID: Gastric cancer, gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, natural killer/Tcell lymphoma (NKTCL), and immune thrombocytopenia. Conclusions: miR-142 and miR-155 deregulation leads to similar CVID phenotypesin KO mice models. Although no data are available on the involvement of these miRNAs in human CVID, their dysregulation has been detected in human CVID comorbidities. The literature data show that miRNA sequences in murine models are comparable to those in humans; therefore, miR-142 and miR-155 involvement in human CVID could be hypothesized.
Highlights
Bcell-type non-Hodgkin lymphoma and some of these could be of particular, these couldmost be associated with mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
Both of these miRNAs have been investigated through mice models in which which miR-142 and miR-155 were deleted
MiR-142 and miR-155 deregulation is present in murine models of Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID)
Summary
Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is the most prevalent antibody impairment, characterized by failure in immunoglobulin and protective antibody generation, defined by an Molecules 2020, 25, 4760; doi:10.3390/molecules25204760 www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules increased tendency toward bacterial infections, diseases autoimmunity, malignancy.Among the infectious complications (Figure1), autoimmune develop and in 20–30%of subjects; immune non-infectious complications1), autoimmune diseases develop in immune thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP) and autoimmune hemolyticanemia are the most common, while thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP)and autoimmune hemolyticanemia are the most common, while other other autoimmune features include inflammatory bowel disease, antiphospholipid syndrome, autoimmune features include inflammatory bowel disease, antiphospholipid syndrome, autoimmune autoimmune thyroiditis, uveitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, vasculitis, and joint manifestations thyroiditis, primary biliaryRegarding cirrhosis, vasculitis, and gastric joint manifestations resemblingare rheumatoid resemblinguveitis, rheumatoid arthritis.malignancy, cancer and lymphoma the most arthritis.Regarding malignancy, gastric cancer are andBcell-type lymphoma are the most frequentand findings; frequent findings; in particular, most lymphomas non-Hodgkin lymphoma some in lymphomas areBcell-type non-Hodgkin lymphoma and some of these could be of particular, these couldmost be associated with mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT).Hodgkin lymphoma, associated with mucosa-associated tissue (MALT).chronic myeloid chronic myeloid leukemia, thyroid lymphoid papillary carcinoma, and Hodgkin pancreaticlymphoma, neuroendocrine carcinoma leukemia, thyroid papillary carcinoma, and pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinoma have been have been described [1,2]. Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is the most prevalent antibody impairment, characterized by failure in immunoglobulin and protective antibody generation, defined by an Molecules 2020, 25, 4760; doi:10.3390/molecules25204760 www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules increased tendency toward bacterial infections, diseases autoimmunity, malignancy. Bcell-type non-Hodgkin lymphoma and some of these could be of particular, these couldmost be associated with mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is the most prevalent antibody impairment. It is characterized by failure in immunoglobulin and protective antibody generation and defined by an increased tendency toward bacterial infections, autoimmunity, and malignancy. The aim of this study was to review the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in CVID, focusing on the involvement of the same miRNAs in various non-infectious clinical complications of CVID, mainly autoimmunity and/or cancer.
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