Abstract
In this study, a further investigation was carried out on the synthesis mechanism, optimal manufacturing conditions, and curing behavior of a sucrose-ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (SADP) adhesive. The results of 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy confirmed that SADP was composed of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), deoxyfructosazine (DOF), amino compounds, Schiff base, monosaccharides, and oligosaccharide. The optimal hot-pressing conditions were a hot-pressing temperature of 170 °C, a hot-pressing time of 7 min, and a spread rate of 120 g/m2. The wet shear strength of plywood bonded at optimal manufacturing conditions met the requirements of China National Standard (GB/T 9846-2015). Thermal analysis and insoluble mass proportion measurements showed that the main curing behavior of the SADP adhesive occurred at curing temperatures higher than 145 °C, and more than 50% insoluble mass was formed when the heating time was longer than 5 min. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) indicated that cross-linking of the cured adhesive was promoted by prolonging the heating time. In addition, pyrolysis gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) confirmed that the cured SADP adhesive was composed of furan and nitrogen-containing compounds.
Highlights
Due to decreasing fossil fuel resources and rapidly increasing environmental awareness, the utilization of renewable resources has become a focus of materials science research [1,2,3,4]
The 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) results confirmed that the synthesized sucrose-ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (SADP) adhesive was composed of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), deoxyfructosazine (DOF), amino compounds, Schiff base, monosaccharides, and oligosaccharide
The investigation of the bond performance of plywood bonded with SADP at different manufacturing conditions showed that the optimal hot-pressing temperature, hot-pressing time, and spread rate were 170 ◦ C, 7 min, and
Summary
Due to decreasing fossil fuel resources and rapidly increasing environmental awareness, the utilization of renewable resources has become a focus of materials science research [1,2,3,4]. Sucrose is one of the most abundant renewable resources and is available at very high levels of purity at a low cost As a result, this natural product has been extensively used as a raw material and is widely used in the beverage and food industries [20,21]. A highly concentrated solution of sucrose with relatively low viscosity was obtained by heating sucrose in a small amount of distilled water [20,21], which made it possible to synthesize a sucrose-based adhesive with higher solid content and a viscosity that was appropriate for wood product manufacturing. To explore the application of sucrose-ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (SADP) adhesives, we developed a material that can be synthesized with minimal water with a high solids content and suitable viscosities for introduction into existing plywood manufacturing operations. To further understand the mechanism and curing behavior, which was helpful to optimize this novel adhesive, on this study, a further research on the synthetic mechanism, optimal hot-pressing conditions, and curing behavior will be performed
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