Abstract
Abstract. The planetary boundary layer (PBL) governs the vertical transport of mass, momentum, and moisture between the surface and the free atmosphere, and thus the determination of PBL height (BLH) is recognized as crucial for air quality, weather, and climate analysis. Although reanalysis products can provide important insight into the global view of BLH in a seamless way, the BLH observed in situ on a global scale remains poorly understood due to the lack of high-resolution (1 or 2 s) radiosonde measurements. The present study attempts to establish a near-global BLH climatology at synoptic times (00:00 and 12:00 UTC) and in the daytime using high-resolution radiosonde measurements over 300 radiosonde sites worldwide for the period 2012 to 2019, which is then compared against the BLHs obtained from four reanalysis datasets, including ERA5, MERRA-2, JRA-55, and NCEP-2. The variations in daytime BLH exhibit large spatial and temporal dependence, and as a result the BLH maxima are generally discerned over the regions such as the western United States and western China, in which the balloon launch times mostly correspond to the afternoon. The diurnal variations in BLH are revealed with a peak at 17:00 local solar time (LST). The most promising reanalysis product is ERA5, which underestimates BLH by around 130 m as compared to radiosondes released during daytime. In addition, MERRA-2 is a well-established product and has an underestimation of around 160 m. JRA-55 and NCEP-2 might produce considerable additional uncertainties, with a much larger underestimation of up to 400 m. The largest bias in the reanalysis data appears over the western United States and western China, and it might be attributed to the maximal BLH in the afternoon when the PBL has risen. Statistical analyses further indicate that the biases of reanalysis BLH products are positively associated with orographic complexity, as well as the occurrence of static instability. To our best knowledge, this study presents the first near-global view of high-resolution radiosonde-derived boundary layer height and provides a quantitative assessment of the four frequently used reanalysis products.
Highlights
The planetary boundary layer (PBL) is where most exchanges of heat, moisture, momentum, and mass take place between the free atmosphere and ground surface (Stull, 1988; Liu and Liang, 2010)
The near-global mean BLHs at 00:00 UTC from 2012 to 2019 by four reanalysis products are shown in Fig. 2, in which the results obtained from radiosonde are overlaid by colored circles
The four reanalysis products yield an analogous result with respect to the spatial variation in BLHs, which are positively correlated with the soundingderived BLH, with correlation coefficients of 0.90, 0.81, 0.47, and 0.46 for ERA5, MERRA-2, NCEP-2, and JRA-55, respectively
Summary
The planetary boundary layer (PBL) is where most exchanges of heat, moisture, momentum, and mass take place between the free atmosphere and ground surface (Stull, 1988; Liu and Liang, 2010). The spatial and temporal variability in the PBL, through a variety of physical processes, has a profound influence on research fields such as air quality (Stull, 1988; Li et al, 2017), convective storm (Oliveira et al, 2020), and global warming (Davy and Esau, 2016), among others. There are many problems in elucidating the PBL processes using numerical model simulations (Martins et al, 2010), even over the relatively homogeneous ocean (Belmonte Rivas and Stoffelen, 2019), which is likely due to the scarcity of fine-scale vertical observations of the atmosphere. Over the oceans Belmonte Rivas and Stoffelen (2019) performed a climatological comparison between state-of-the-art reanalysis and scatterometer surface winds in the PBL, revealing mean and transient PBL model errors. Wind shear is recognized to be able to significantly modulate turbulent mixing of atmospheric pollutants (Zhang et al, 2020b), and the inabilities of the model in this regard may have repercussions for air quality prediction
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