INVESTIGATION OF INCREASING PROCESS GAS COOLING PERFORMANCE BY IMPROVING AMMONIA OXIDATION REACTOR HEAT EXCHANGERS

The interproximal dental papilla is considered an essential component of the anterior and posterior regions of the maxilla and mandible. The absence of this structure has esthetic and phonetical consequences and lateral food impaction problems occur with the implant-supported prosthesis. The aims of the present study were to: 1) evaluate the effect of the vertical and horizontal distances between adjacent implants (group 1) and between a tooth and an implant (group 2) on the presence of the interproximal dental papilla; and 2) determine whether the interaction between the vertical and horizontal distances might be associated with the incidence of the papilla. In 48 patients, 96 interproximal sites in group 1 and 80 in group 2 were examined. The distance from the base of the contact point to the bone crest (D1), the distance between tooth and implant or between two implants (D2), and the distance from the base of the contact point to the tip of the papilla (D3) were measured. In both groups, when D2 was 3, 3.5, or 4 mm, the papilla was present most of the time (P < 0.05), and when D2 was 2 or 2.5 mm, the papilla was absent 100% of the time (P < 0.05). Further, in group 2, when D1 was between 3 and 5 mm, the papilla was present most of the time (P < 0.05). However, in Group 1, only when D1 was 3.0 mm was the papilla present most of the time (P < 0.05). For both groups, analysis of the interaction between D1 and D2 showed that when D2 was < or = 2.5 mm, the papilla was absent; otherwise, when D2 was > or = 3 mm, there was an interaction between D1 and D2. We conclude that the ideal distance from the base of the contact point to the bone crest between adjacent implants is 3 mm and, between a tooth and an implant, 3 mm to 5 mm. The ideal lateral spacing between implants and between tooth and implant is 3 mm to 4 mm. Further, there is an interaction between horizontal and vertical distances when the lateral spacing is greater than 3 mm.

In three experiments, perceived vertical and horizontal distances in outdoor settings were investigated. Horizontal distances were adjusted by 70 subjects to make them appear equal to vertical distances ranging from 2 to 47 m. The results showed that (1) the matched horizontal distance is represented as a linear function of vertical distance; (2) the slope of the linear function is generally larger than unity, suggesting that when vertical distance is physically equal to horizontal distance, vertical distance appears larger than horizontal distance; (3) physiological muscular variables such as eye, head, and body position are not crucial in judging vertical and horizontal distances; (4) vertical distance of a building appears larger when viewed from afar than when viewed from nearby.

(a) Participants indicated, for pairs of circles whose locations varied on the horizontal and vertical axes of a frontal plane, whether the horizontal distance between the circles exceeded a target horizontal distance. The error rate depended on the vertical as well as the horizontal distance between the circles. (b) Participants indicated, for pairs of circles that were varying horizontal (or vertical) distances and a constant vertical (or horizontal) distance apart in a frontal plane, whether the horizontal (or vertical) distance between them matched a target horizontal (or vertical) distance. Incorrect "match" responses were more likely if the horizontal (or vertical) distance between the circles was less than as opposed to greater than the target distance. The results suggest that distance judgments for pairs of stimuli varying on the horizontal and vertical axes are based on the overall distance between the stimuli, with the relevant axis given more weight than the irrelevant axis in assessment of the distance. The results do not support the view that that such distance judgments are based on the relevant distance between the stimuli, with the relevant and irrelevant axes being erroneously interchanged on some iterations of the assessment process.

Participants decided under speed stress whether or not the horizontal distances between pairs of frontal locations exceeded a criterion distance. The error rate reflected parallel effects of the horizontal and vertical distance between the locations. Whereas dimensional interaction in perceptual judgment has previously been attributed either to the perception of the stimulus or to the response decision concerning the stimulus, here dimensional interaction was attributed to the process of distance assessment regarding the test locations. Under the proposed account, the horizontal distance between the locations could not be assessed independently of the vertical distance. Only the overall distance between the locations could be assessed. However, because the horizontal and vertical positions of the locations could be independently assessed, the horizontal distance between the locations was available to the extent that the vertical positions of the locations were weighted so as to minimize vertical distance prior to the assessment of overall distance. In support of this account, parallel effects of horizontal and vertical distance were not observed when participants decided whether or not pairs of locations had the same horizontal position.

Numerical investigation on the effects of different heating systems and coil tube arrangements on the free convection heat transfer in a confined space filled with high viscosity fluid

Sciatic nerve palsy is a serious complication after total hip arthroplasty (THA). This is the first study to report the relationship between the sciatic nerve and the acetabulum on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) before THA. 235 patients underwent 261 elective, primary THAs via the mini-incision posterolateral approach. We measured the horizontal distance (mm) and vertical distance (mm) from the posterior edge of the acetabulum to the sciatic nerve by T1-weighted imaging on an axial section of the centre of the femoral head. We defined the Dysplastic Group as having a posterior acetabular sector angle (PASA) <90° and the Non-dysplastic Group as having a PASA ⩾ 90°. We compared anatomical distances and angles between the 2 groups. The horizontal and vertical distances were (mean ± SD) 8.0 ± 9.2 mm and 14 ± 5.0 mm from the posterior edge of the acetabulum to the lateral edge of the sciatic nerve, respectively. The acetabular anteversion (AA), anterior acetabular sector angle (AASA), and PASA were (mean ± SD) 19 ± 6.7°, 49 ± 8.4°, and 87 ± 8.6°, respectively. The horizontal and vertical distances were positively correlated (p < 0.0001). AA and PASA were positively correlated with the horizontal distances (p < 0.0001) as well as with the vertical distances (p = 0.0017 and p = 0.0438, respectively). The horizontal and vertical distances were significantly shorter in the Dysplastic Group than in the Non-dysplastic Group (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.021, respectively). In cases of posterior acetabular dysplasia we have to be mindful of the course of the sciatic nerve.

In this study, we developed a flat plate-type wet electrostatic precipitator that generates stable corona discharge compared to wire-type discharge electrodes. Particle removal efficiencies were compared among differing shapes of the discharge electrode, including varying horizontal and vertical distances between spiked edges, and varying the height of the discharge pin support. When the horizontal distance between spiked edges was increased to 36 mm, the vertical distance between spiked edges increased to 54 mm, and when the height of the discharge pin support was increased to 76 mm, the removal efficiency of PM10 was maintained at approximately 60.0%. Furthermore, the removal efficiency of particles over 5 µm was about 80% or greater. When the flow rate was 4 m s–1, the gap between collection plates was 60 mm, and –14 kV was applied to the discharge electrode. The particle removal efficiency of the flat plate-type electrostatic precipitator was maintained when the horizontal and vertical distances between spiked edges and the height of the discharge pin support were below threshold levels. Those variables may be important factors for designing the shape of the discharge electrode. Therefore, when designing electrostatic precipitators with multiple channels, the discharge electrode weight and processing costs must be considered when determining the optimal horizontal and vertical distances between spiked edges and the height of discharge pin support.

The incisive papilla is one of the most stable landmarks for assessing the original position of certain key teeth. To place anterior artificial teeth back in its original position such as in denture construction and full mouth rehabilitation cases vertical and horizontal distance from incisive papilla in different arch forms, imparts a significant role. The average distance will be helpful for arrangement of teeth in its original position which not only provides a pleasing appearance and normal function but also will save the dentists' chair side effort. To determine the average vertical and horizontal distance of the maxillary central incisors from the incisive papilla in dentate individuals with different arch forms. Primary impressions and casts were made for 72 dentate patients, sorted into different arch forms and mid point of the incisive papilla was established. The vertical and horizontal distances were measured with the digital vernier caliper. The mean and standard deviation were subjected to Students t-test. The range of horizontal distance was 4-7 mm, 6-8 mm, 5-8 mm and vertical distance was 4-6 mm in ovoid, square and tapered arch forms respectively. Horizontal distance of the maxillary central incisors from the incisive papilla varies in different arch forms whereas, vertical distance is almost same in all the arch forms.

The effect of the vertical and horizontal distances between dual fish-like foils on the propulsive characteristics of the biomimetic propulsor system is investigated by using an unsteady panel method. The present method is validated by comparing computed results with other numerical and experimental data. The mutual vortex-vortex interaction between the shed vortices from both foils has the effect of changing the pointing direction of mushroom heads. The leading foil’s propulsive characteristics do not change much with the vertical distance between the foils, whereas the following foil’s propulsive characteristics are changed significantly depending on the vertical and horizontal distances between the foils. The overall wake patterns depend mainly on the horizontal distance. The intensity of the mutual interaction between the wake vortices depends on the vertical distance. Thus, the propulsive characteristics of the dual fish-like foils are complicated functions of the vertical and horizontal distances between the foils. The present method has the limitation of potential-low assumption. If the flow separation near the leading edge of the foils is not significant, the present method can be applied to the design of biomimetic propulsors.

Main purpose of this paper is to make clear the development of children's spacial cognition from the view point of the perceived amount in the open field.There are many fore-running studies on this theme, however, most of them are done in the experimented laboratories under the condition of limited factors of psychology.The auther tried to study especially on the perceived amount of herizontal and vertical distance which shape basic conception for space in the open field.The investigation made for the children of grade 3 to 6 and 8, concerning their perceived amount on horizontal and vertical distance of 2m, 10m, and some ten meters.The results are follows.In the case of distance of 2m, the correct perceived amount have already been developed at grades 3, both in horizontal and vertical.In the case of 10m, the accuracy of their perceived amount increase with age: in the horizontal distance, the dispersion between grades is small, but they perceived somewhat shorter: on the vertical distance they developed their accuracy at grade 6, and completely at grade 8.The case of some ten meters, the perceived amount on horizontal, distance increased dramatically with grade. At grade 6, they acquire the accuracy on the average and at grade 8, dispersion disappears mostly. However, in the case of vertical, they perceived it somewhat longer, in general. Though their dispersion is large at grade 5, but it diminishes at grade 6, and acquire the exact perceived amount on the vertical distance at grade 5, but it diminishes at grade 8.It is possible to schimatize the results as follows.1) For children there could be seen the tendency of synchronism in devlopment of perceived amount on horizontal and vertical distance.2) They develope horizonal cognition more easily than vertical one.3) In the case of horizontal distance, they are apt to perceive it shorter than actual distance, and in vertical case, they perceive it longer and also the error is larger in general.4) Perceived amount develope speedily at grade 5 and 6, and their development is sufficiently achieved at grade 8, on both horizontal and vertical distance.

In an exploration of the process whereby horizontal and vertical components are extracted from distances between pairs of points, participants made speeded absolute distance judgments—deciding whether horizontal distances between pairs of points in a frontal plane exceeded a criterion distance. Judgments reflected the horizontal and vertical distances between the points. Three accounts of the results were considered. (1) Only the overall distance between two points was directly available to judgment processes; the horizontal or vertical distance between the points was available only to the extent that the horizontal and vertical positions of the points were differentially weighted prior to the assessment of overall distance. (2) The perceptual effects of positions on the horizontal and vertical dimensions were collapsed onto a composite dimension. (3) The decision criterion for the distance judgment considered both the horizontal and vertical distances between the points. In support of the overall distance account, (1) performance in the distance judgment task was facilitated by repetition of the same overall distance from trial to trial, but not by repetition of the distance on the composite dimension or by repetition of horizontal or vertical distance; (2) differential weighting that the overall distance account predicted for the absolute distance judgments was reflected in concurrent relative distance judgments pitting horizontal against vertical distance, counter to the composite dimension account, which sees the horizontal and vertical dimensions as collapsing onto the composite dimension in balanced, symmetrical fashion, and counter the decisional account, given that no criterion is required for the relative judgment.

In this paper, to improve the sensing performances, the layers of SnO2/WO3 complex nanoparticles, instead of pure SnO2 or WO3, were applied for sensing nitrogen oxide (NO) gas. In general, the SnO2 and WO3 nanoparticles provide a large sensing area and, respectively, possess well sensing capability for NO and NO2 gases. Because NO gas is prone to be transformed into NO2 gas in the environment, the gas sensors with SnO2:WO3 (1:0.25) complex nanoparticle sensing layer exhibited better NO sensing response compared with the gas sensors with pure SnO2 nanoparticle sensing layer. Furthermore, by performing an annealing process at 500 °C and then depositing a gold (Au) catalytic metal layer on the annealed SnO2/WO3 complex nanoparticles, the resulting NO gas sensors exhibited the sensing response of 10.61 under the NO gas concentration of 1 ppm. Moreover, the lowest detection limit of the NO gas sensors with Au covered SnO2:WO3 (1:0.25) complex nanoparticle sensing layer was also extended from 200 to 150 ppb compared with the ones without Au catalytic metal.

Microorganisms display diverse biogeographic patterns in the three-dimensional contiguous seawater. The distance-decay relationship, the change in species composition similarity between different communities over a geographic distance, is a commonly observed biogeographic pattern. To study biogeographic patterns and the corresponding driving forces, the bacterial distance-decay patterns along the horizontal and vertical dimensions in the South China Sea (SCS) were investigated through the sequencing of partial 16 S rRNA gene regions. Along the horizontal geographical distances (up to ~1000 km), no significant distance-decay pattern in community compositions was observed in any of the tested seawater layers. However, vertical depths (up to ~4 km) had strong effects on bacterial community variation, which was apparently governed by dispersal barriers due to limited water mass mixing. In addition, community variations in the vertical direction were strongly correlated with the prominent variation of environmental factors. Apparently, the changes in bacterial community compositions along vertical distances were much greater than those along horizontal distances. The results showed that the distance-decay relationship in bacterial communities at the medium spatial scale was associated with vertical depth rather than with horizontal distance, even though the horizontal distance is much larger than the vertical distance in the open SCS.

The retrochiasmatic region is one of the most challenging areas to surgically expose. The authors evaluated the transcrusal approach, which involves removal of the superior and posterior semicircular canal from the ampulla to the common crus, to expose the retrochiasmatic region and compared it with the retrolabyrinthine approach, both of which are a variation of the posterior petrosal approach with hearing preservation, with a special emphasis on the influence of temporal lobe retraction. Six sides of silicone-injected cadaveric heads were dissected using two approaches: the transcrusal approach and the retrolabyrinthine approach. For each craniotomy, 3 exposure parameters in the retrochiasmatic region were measured: (1) horizontal distance, (2) vertical distance, and (3) triangular area of exposure, at three different levels of temporal lobe retractions: 0, 5, and 10mm of retraction from the level of the tentorial incisura. Without temporal lobe retraction, only the transcrusal and not the retrolabyrinthine approach provided a direct exposure of the retrochiasmatic region, especially in the horizontal distance (p < 0.001). At all levels of temporal lobe retraction, the transcrusal approach provided greater exposure in the horizontal and vertical distances and in the area of exposure. Nonetheless, in the horizontal distance, the difference between the transcrusal and retrolabyrinthine approaches decreased along with increased temporal lobe retraction, and almost no difference was obtained at 10mm of retraction. Posterior petrosal approaches can provide an excellent exposure of the retrochiasmatic region. Of these two approaches, namely, transcrusal and retrolabyrinthine with hearing preservation, the transcrusal approach offers greater exposure than the retrolabyrinthine approach. The beneficial effect of partial labyrinthectomy of the transcrusal approach to the retrochiasmatic region is accentuated in the exposure of the horizontal distance with less temporal lobe retraction.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the papilla level adjacent to single-tooth implants in the maxillary anterior region in individuals with cleft lip, alveolus, and palate to verify whether there is correlation among the vertical distance, horizontal distance, dental/prosthetic crown shape, and periodontal/peri-implant biotype with the presence of interproximal papilla. Cross-sectional. Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of São Paulo (HRAC/USP). 77 papillae in 40 patients. The periodontal/peri-implant biotype was clinically evaluated and characterized as thin or thick. Intraoral photographs were used to evaluate the presence or absence of papilla. Classification in scores (0 to 3) and determination of length (CL) and width (CW) of crowns adjacent to papillae. The CW/CL ratio was calculated for each crown in order to characterize it as square-shaped or triangular-shaped. The vertical and horizontal distances were obtained by radiographic evaluation. The correlations between vertical distance and papilla score and horizontal distance and papilla score were statistically significant (p = .02 and p = .01). There was no significant difference between crown shape and periodontal/peri-implant biotype in distinct correlations with the papilla score (p = .41 and p = .07). The results suggest that the vertical and horizontal distances may have independent or combined relationship with the existence of interproximal papilla; the periodontal/peri-implant biotype (phenotype) was not correlated with the presence or absence of papilla, as well as the shape of the dental/prosthetic crown.