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Abstract
A groundwater quality assessment was conducted in the Bogoberi community of Calabar Municipality, Cross River State, Southeastern Nigeria, to evaluate the suitability of groundwater for drinking and other domestic purposes using different indices. A reconnaissance survey of five (5) borehole water samples were collected and analyzed using standard field and laboratory methods to determine various physicochemical properties. The results were compared with guidelines from the World Health Organization (WHO) and Nigerian Standards for Drinking Water Quality. The electrical conductivity varied between 97.2 and 254 μS/cm, while alkalinity levels ranged from 15 to 25 mg/L. Dissolved oxygen levels were between 2.5 and 5.2 mg/L, and biochemical oxygen demand ranged from 0 to 0.06 mg/L. Total dissolved solids were observed between 65.12 and 170.18 mg/L. The nitrate and sulphate ranged from 0.15 to 0.48 and 0 to 10.03 mg/L, respectively. The study area is dominated by the Calabar Flank unit. It is underlained by Teritary and Quarternary to Recent sediments known as the Benin Formation (Coastal Plain sands). The Benin Formation consists of alternating sequences of gravel and sand of various grain size, silt, clay and alluvium. In the area, the alternating sediments built up a multi-aquifer system. The Cretaceous sediments include mostly conglomerate, limestone, sandstone, mudstone, shale and marl of Calabar Flank. Statistical analysis gave significant correlation (at 0.05) between electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total hardness, alkalinity, and many other elements. The study aids in the understanding of chemistry of groundwater and setting background for related detailed study for long-term monitoring and management.
Highlights
Natural water resources are essential for the existence of life
The results show that the groundwater samples were slightly acidic and soft when compared with the World Health Organization (WHO) standards and Nigerian Standards for Drinking water Quality (Table 2)
The pH ranged from 3.79 to 4.90 with a mean value of 4.518, and this indicated that the groundwater samples were acidic and not within WHO maximum allowable limits [31] and the Nigerian Standard [22] for drinking water quality (Table 3, Fig. 3)
Summary
Industrial operations like mining and the disposal of solid waste from chemical industries, significantly contribute to the contamination of water sources in various regions around the world [7, 8, 12, 16, 18, 21, Discover Environment (2025) 3:48. The practice of the processing and handling of e-waste materials have been revealed to pose higher risk to groundwater contamination from residues and with toxic chemicals, and with health implications for informal recyclers [55–58]. The informal electronic waste recycling sectors provides a source of employment to generate income in several low to middle income countries [59]. The practice of informal waste processing is hazardous for both workers and residents with little or no understanding of personal protection equipments, health risks, groundwater contamination, and wider environmental harm [55]
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