Abstract
The leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinase (LRR-RLK) plays an important role in plant development and disease defence. Although genome-wide studies of LRR-RLKs have been performed in several species, a comprehensive analysis, including evolutionary, structural and expressional analyses and their relationships to function, has not been carried out in the radish (Raphanus sativus L.). In this study, we identified 292 LRR-RLK genes in the R. sativus genome and classified them into 23 subgroups. The subgroups containing genes involved in defence were more likely to evolve from tandem duplication rather than whole genome triplication (WGT), had lower expression profiles and were expressed in fewer tissues than the subgroups related to development. Gene structures and conserved domains did not differ in the defence-related or development-related subgroups, but they were distinct in each subgroup. This study sheds light on the evolutionary and expressional relationships with the functions of R. sativus LRR-RLKs and provides an integrated framework for additional investigation into these functions.
Highlights
Cell surface receptors play important roles in perceiving and processing external and internal signals that arrive at the cell surface in both plants and animals
Using the Hidden Markov Model (HMM) search approach, we classified the Receptor-like protein kinases (RLKs) into 119 subfamilies, which resulted in 292 genes that were classified into the leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinase (LRR-RLK) family (Fig. 1 and Supplementary Table S2)
We found that R. sativus and A. thaliana had the same subgroups; the ratios of the LRR-RLK gene numbers between R. sativus and A. thaliana in each subgroup ranged from 0.92 to 3
Summary
Cell surface receptors play important roles in perceiving and processing external and internal signals that arrive at the cell surface in both plants and animals. The biological functions of LRR-RLKs have been classified into two main categories: defence against pathogens and development[9,10,11]. The SIF2, IOS1 and FRK genes, as members of subgroup I, are involved in defence signalling[12,13]. Subgroup XIIIa contains two FEI genes that regulate cell wall development via signalling pathways[23], while subgroup XIIIb includes ERECTA and ERECTA-LIKE genes that www.nature.com/scientificreports/. Several studies have investigated the membership and evolution of the LRR-RLK gene family in plant species, including the soybean[6], two Citrus species[30], four Rosaceae genomes[29] and various species[11,31]. We systematically identified the R. sativus LRR-RLK genes and classified them into 23 subgroups. Our results provide a framework for the further functional characterization of LRR-RLK genes in R. sativus
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