Investigation of durable antibacterial cotton fabric via covalent immobilization of ciprofloxacin and ampicillin

In this study, durable antibacterial cotton fabrics were prepared by a simple two-step impregnation method. Firstly, thioglycolic acid (TGA) was grafted onto cotton fabric via esterification with the hydroxyl groups of cellulose, then silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were immobilized on the cotton fabric surface via coordination bonds with the TGA thiol groups. As a result, the mean size of Ag NPs coating on the cotton fabric is around 74 nm, and these functionalized cotton fabrics show superior antibacterial properties and excellent laundering durability. After withstand 50 laundering cycles, the obtained cotton fabrics still showed outstanding bacterial reduction rates (BR) against both S. aureus and E. coli, and the rates are all higher than 97 %. Therefore, this method to prepare antibacterial cotton fabric shows great potential applications in socks, cosmetic, and medical textiles.

Durably antibacterial cotton fabrics coated by protamine via Schiff base linkages

Surface modification of cotton fabrics is required to advance their inherent properties in the development of antibacterial cotton fabric-based biomaterials. In this study, an antibacterial cotton fabric for multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa species was developed. To do this, lactose and galactose derivatives were used to synthesize silver (Ag) and gold (Au) nanoparticle glycoconjugates (NP-GCs) to functionalize the cotton fabrics to target the carbohydrate binding proteins LecA and LecB lectins found on P. aeruginosa. The three lactose derivatives (i.e. Lactose sulfanilic acid (LSA), Lactose 5-aminosalicylic acid (L5AS) and Lactose 4-(4-aminophenyl) butyric acid (L4APB)) gave stable AgNP-GCs and AuNP-GCs while Galactose 4,4’-oxydianiline (GODA) allowed only stable AuNP-GCs synthesis. The cotton fabrics were pretreated to eliminate non-cellulosic parts to obtain scoured cotton fabrics (sCFs) for surface functionalization with AgNP-GCs and AuNP-GCs. Three different approaches (i.e. direct adsorption or adsorption through sulfhydryl group on sCFs and in situ synthesis) were followed to obtain AgNP-GCs functionalized cotton fabrics while AuNP-GCs functionalization was performed only through in situ synthesis. AgNP-GCs and AuNP-GCs were in situ synthesized on the sCFs under heat-treatment, and homogenous surfaces with high load of AgNP-GCs or AuNP-GCs were obtained. AuNP-GC-sCF were then functionalized with Colistin in order to add antibacterial property for P. aeruginosa. The colloidal AgNP-GCs, and in situ synthesized AgNP-GC-sCF and AuNP-GC-sCF showed strong antibacterial activity for P. aeruginosa. The formulations were then tested for gram (-) Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, and gram (+) Staphylococcus epidermidis to evaluate whether they have wide-spectrum antibacterial activity. While the colloidal AgNP-CGs showed similar high toxicity for these species in comparison to P. aeruginosa, only LSA_AgNP-GC-sCF and LSA_AgNP-GC-sCF showed 100 % growth suppression for E. coli, K. pneumoniae and S. epidermidis. The Colistin functionalized AuNP-GC-sCFs were also tested for Colistin resistant K. pneumoniae, and > 99 % growth suppression was obtained. We also tested whether the surface charge of the AuNP-GCs affect their interactions with P. aeruginosa using confocal laser scanning microscopy, where clear interactions were observed for GODA_AuNPs. These early results revealed that inorganic nanoparticle glycoconjugates can be designed to develop antibacterial cotton fabrics through designing chemistry that can target lectins on bacterial membranes.

Silver/waterborne polyurethane-acrylate’s antibacterial coating on cotton fabric based on click reaction via ultraviolet radiation

Durable antibacterial cotton fabrics based on synergy of bacterial repellence and bactericidal action

Inexpensive and commercially available methylene-bis-acrylamide (MBA) was covalently bonded onto the cotton fabrics by an effective catalytic solid-state reaction in water. The as-prepared MBA grafted cotton fabric (cotton-MBA) was characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy image and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectra. After a facile chlorination in diluted NaOCl solution, the amide functional groups in cotton-MBA were converted to N-halamine ones and durable antibacterial cotton fabric containing stable noncyclic N-halamine groups (cotton–MBA–Cl) was achieved. Antimicrobial testing showed that the cotton–MBA–Cl could effectively inactivate 5.78 × 107 CFU/mL of S. aureus and 7.58 × 108 CFU/mL of E. coli O157:H7 completely within 1 min of contact time. Washing durability testing indicated that the oxidative chlorine percentage of the cotton–MBA–Cl decreased from 0.43% to 0.06% after 50 washing cycles and was recovered to 0.30% via a simple rechlorination. It means that the N-halamine antimicrobial groups and the covalent bonds between MBA and cotton are very resistant to washing. Storage stability testing showed that the oxidative chlorine percentage of the cotton–MBA–Cl decreased from 0.43% to 0.32% after 30 day's storage under room temperature, indicating that N-halamine functional groups are stable. Furthermore, it was found that the grafting and chlorination processes did not have any obvious bad effect on the tensile strength of cotton fabrics due to the mild grafting and chlorination conditions.

A novel antibacterial agent polysulfopropylbetaine (PSPB) bearing carboxyl groups was synthesized and its application on cotton fabric to provide durable antibacterial property was also presented. The successful synthesis of PSPB and its immobilization onto the cotton fabric surface were verified by a series of tests including FTIR, 1H NMR, XPS and SEM. Viable cell counting method was employed to investigate antibacterial properties of the finished cotton fabrics. It was found that the cotton fabrics treated with PSPB were endowed with desirable antibacterial activity against both gram-negative bacteria Esherichia coli (E.coli, AATCC 6538) and gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus, AATCC 25922), with the bacterisotatic rates of 99.69 % and 99.95 %, respectively. Notably, the bacterial reduction rates still maintained over 90 % against both bacteria even after 50 consecutive laundering cycles. Moreover, tests concerning the hydrophilicity, air permeability, water vapor transmission, mechanical properties as well as thermal properties were carried out systematically. The experimental results indicated the hydrophilic performance, air permeability and moisture penetrability of the cotton fabrics finished with PSPB were improved greatly in spite of a slight reduction in thermal performance and little obvious influence on mechanical performance. The antibacterial cotton fabric has the potential to be applied in sportswear, underwear, household textiles, medical fields and much more.

The organosilicon quaternary ammonium salt/(zinc oxide@carbon quantum dots) composite material referred to P(DMDAAC-AGE-Si)/(ZnO@CQDs) was prepared with ZnO, glucose and vinyl monomers by situ free-radical polymerization, which was applied into cotton fabrics at different concentrations. It was proved that the antibacterial cotton fabrics had been successfully prepared by FT-IR, SEM, TEM, antibacterial tests (shake flask tests) etc. The antibacterial rate was 98.38% and 99.53% against S. aureus and E. coli, respectively, when the concentration of the treating solution of composites reached to 25 g/L. Even after washing 10 times (equivalent to 50 household washing), the antibacterial rate remained above 89.65% against S. aureus and E. coli. In addition, the hydrophilic properties and air permeability of the treated cotton fabrics were enhanced.

Article history: Received March 26, 2013 Received in Revised form June 27, 2013 Accepted 28 June 2013 Available online 2 July 2013 A new durable antibacterial cotton fabric was successfully prepared by free-radical graft copolymerization of acrylic acid (AA) and itaconic acid (IA) onto a cotton fabric in an aqueous medium. Ammonium persulfate (APS) was used as the initiator in the presence of a crosslinker, methylene bisacrylamide (MBA). The nanocomposite hydrogel was obtained from in situ formation of silver nanoparticles from reduction of silver cations by sodium borohydride. A proposed mechanism for nanocomposite formation was suggested and the effect of ratio of IA to AA on water absorbency discussed. FTIR, UV-Vis, X-ray, and scanning electron microscopy were employed to characterize the structure of the prepared superabsorbent. The antibacterial activity of the hydrogel was tested qualitatively and quantitatively. Results showed that the silver nanoparticle-loaded fabric has potent antibacterial activity to Escherichia coli Gramnegative bacteria. © 2013 Growing Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Antibacterial silver nanocomposite cotton fabrics were generated by in situ method using Senna auriculata (SA) leaf broth as reductant. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized on cotton fabrics (nanocomposite cellulose fabrics [NCCFs]) were analyzed by different spectral characteristics like FTIR, SEM correlated with EDX and XRD. The SEM analysis revealed that the generated AgNPs on NCCFs were spherical in shape with a mean size of 100 nm. The XRD studies showed that the biosynthesized NCCFs are exhibiting FCC crystalline lattice structure. The FTIR spectra indicated that the hydroxyl functional group in leaf extract is responsible for bioreduction of silver ions into metallic silver. The TG-DTG and DSC analysis showed higher thermal stability and the deterioration in stages. The biogenerated AgNPs in NCCFs exhibited good antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria. The NCCFs also exhibited good mechanical strength. The NCCFs with bio generated AgNPs can be considered for medical and packing applications.

The increase in the number of infectious diseases has exerted many negative consequences on human health. In this study, the antibacterial cotton fabric was fabricated for application in antibacterial products, contributing to the prevention of infectious diseases for humans. Particularly, ex‐situ and in‐situ dip‐coating techniques were compared and utilized for the fabrication of the antibacterial cotton fabric. Besides, the effects of the concentrations of precursors, including graphene oxide (GO), silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), silver/graphene oxide nanocomposite (Ag/GO), and dip‐coating times were evaluated to determine the most appropriate preparation conditions. Therewithal, the resulting cotton fabric was modified with stearic acid (SA) to enhance the hydrophobicity, in which the concentration of the SA was also assessed. Additionally, the antibacterial performance of the prepared material was investigated against Gram‐negativePseudomonas aeruginosaand Gram‐positiveStaphylococcus aureus. Different analytical techniques such as scanning electron microscope, contact angle measurement, and color stability were also utilized for the comparison between different cotton fabrics. According to the obtained results, the dip‐coated in‐situ Ag/GO (in‐situ‐Ag/GO/cotton) fabrics showed better antibacterial performance than that of dip‐coated ex‐situ Ag/GO (ex‐situ‐Ag/GO/cotton) ones, which can be attributed to the even distribution of Ag/GO nanocomposite on the fabric prepared by the in‐situ methods. According to the aforementioned results, the resulting antibacterial cotton fabric can be considered a promising material for the production of antibacterial face masks and protective clothing, which can be utilized in hospitals, textile industries, or the manufacture of sport gears.

Fabrication of chitosan-based finishing agent for flame-retardant, UV-protective, and antibacterial cotton fabrics

ABSTRACTThe cotton fabrics were immersed in 1–5 mM aqueous silver nitrate solutions maintained at 80°C for 24 h to in situ generate silver nanoparticles. The presence of silver nanoparticles in the nanocomposite films was proved by microscopic observation. Fourier transform infrared spectra indicated the role of hydroxyl and carboxyl groups of cotton fabric in reducing the silver salt to nanosilver. The nanocomposite cotton fabrics showed good antibacterial activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. The antibacterial cotton fabrics can be considered for medical applications such as surgical aprons, wound cleaning, and dressing.

Fully bio-based coating from chitosan and phytate for fire-safety and antibacterial cotton fabrics

Durable antibacterial cotton fabric fabricated using a “self-created” mist polymerization device