Investigation of Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns in Bacteria Isolated During a Male Sheep Castration Surgery.

Background: Urinary track infection (UTI) is a common infection in Pakistan. Poor knowledge about personal hygiene and lack of awareness are major reasons of this infection. All over the world and in Pakistan E. coli and K. pneumonia are main causative agents of UTI.Objectives:To analyze Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of bacterial strains isolated from urinary tract infections.Methods: In present study total 227 samples from Genomic Research Lab and Diagnostic Center Rawalpindi, Pakistan were tested for presence of different microbial infectious agents and their antibiotic resistance and susceptibility pattern. Biochemical test such as Gram staining, Lactose fermentation test, Motility test, Catalase test and Colony formation on MacConkey agar, Indole test, and Citrate utilization test were applied. The antibiotic susceptibility and resistance pattern was evaluated by using fourteen different antibiotics on MullarHigton agar. Top ten antibiotics were selected at a cut off value of 100 samples for E. coli and 20 samples for Klebsiella.Results: Against E. coli and K. species the most susceptible antibiotic was Imipenam with 97.5% and Amikacin with 94.9% susceptibility respectively. Moreover, against E. coli and K. species the most resistance antibiotic was Ciprofloxacin 81.7% and Tobramycin with 76.1% resistance respectively. The comparison of present study with pervious studies had shown an increase in resistance against various antibiotics.Conclusion: It is concluded from the present study that antibiotic resistance is on raise in Pakistan and the effect of each antibiotic was different with respect to type of infectious agent so it is recommended that the doctor should determine the dominant type of infectious agent and its susceptibility response before prescription of any antibiotic.  Â

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:Patients in the ICU have encountered an increasing emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant pathogens. We examined patterns of antimicrobial susceptibility in gram-negative isolates to commonly used drugs in an adult ICU at a tertiary care hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.METHODS:A retrospective study was carried out of gram-negative isolates from the adult ICU of King Fahad National Guard Hospital (KFNGH) between 2004 and 2009. Organisms were identified and tested by an automated identification and susceptibility system, and the antibiotic susceptibility testing was confirmed by the disk diffusion method.RESULTS:The most frequently isolated organism was Acinetobacter baumannii, followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pnemoniae, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and Enterobacter. Antibiotic susceptibility patterns significantly declined in many organisms, especially A baumannii, E coli, S marcescens, and Enterobacter. A baumannii susceptibility was significantly decreased to imipenem (55% to 10%), meropenem (33% to 10%), ciprofloxacin (22% to 10%), and amikacin (12% to 6%). E coli susceptibility was markedly decreased (from 75% to 50% or less) to cefuroxime, ceftazidime, cefotaxime, and cefepime. S marcescens susceptibility was markedly decreased to cefotaxime (100% to 32%), ceftazidime (100% to 35%), and cefepime (100% to 66%). Enterobacter susceptibility was markedly decreased to ceftazidime (34% to 5%), cefotaxime (34% to 6%), and pipracillin-tazobactam (51% to 35%). Respiratory samples were the most frequently indicative of multidrug-resistant pathogens (63%), followed by urinary samples (57%).CONCLUSION:Antimicrobial resistance is an emerging problem in the KFNGH ICU, justifying new more stringent antibiotic prescription guidelines. Continuous monitoring of antimicrobial susceptibility and strict adherence to infection prevention guidelines are essential to eliminate major outbreaks in the future.

Antibiotics to treat dental caries infection are routinely prescribed which led to the increased resistance against bacteria. The purpose of this investigation was to perform antibiotic susceptibility tests on a panel of pathogenic bacteria isolated from dental caries infection. Bacteria were isolated from caries site of patients and identified at the species level. Each of 150 species of bacteria was tested for antibiotics susceptibility to a five antibiotics using Etest. The antibiotics used were Amoxicillin, Cloxocillin, Erythromycin, Tetracycline and Penicillin‐V. The obtained resistance percentage for each antibiotic were Penicillin V: 72/150 (48%), Tetracycline: 99/150 (66%), Amoxicillin: 135/150 (90%), Cloxocillin: 117/150 (78%), and Erythromycin: 90/150 (60%) (Table 1). In case of combinatorial antibiotic exposure, the resistance percentage of Penicillin V/Amoxicillin and Amoxicillin/ Erythromycin was 39/150 (26%), and 45/150 (30%) respectively. The study has well demonstrated the clinical picture of antibiotic resistance and susceptibility pattern of bacteria causing dental caries. The obtained comprehensive data will allow investigating the spatial distribution of pathogenic, antibiotic resistant bacteria among dental caries patients which further may help into development of novel diagnostic and treatment approaches for the same.

Enteric fever, a potentially fatal multisystem disease that is caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and Paratyphi, poses a significant risk in low- and middle-income countries. A retrospective study to understand the prevalence and evolving patterns of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi was undertaken from June 2017 to June 2022. A total of 4051 blood samples were collected from patients attending inpatient and outpatient departments of the School of Tropical Medicine (Kolkata, India) hospital. Blood samples were cultured, and culture positive samples were further processed for identification using conventional and automated systems. Antibiotic susceptibility test was performed using both the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method and VITEK2 (bioMerieux). Forty-five (1.1%) Salmonella species were isolated among the number of total (n = 4051) samples that were tested. Out of the 45 Salmonella isolates, 35 were Salmonella Typhi (77.77%) and 10 were Salmonella Paratyphi A (22.23%). We found pronounced fluoroquinolone resistance of 100% in the recent years (2019–2022) in both of the S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A isolates. We found that 1 Salmonella Typhi and 2 Salmonella Paratyphi A isolates were resistant against multiple antibiotics (cefixime, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid), and 1 multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella Paratyphi A isolate was found in a recent study year (2020) and it showed resistance against different classes of antibiotics (cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones and carbapenems). There was no resistance that was detected to the 3rd generation cephalosporins in the final years of the study. The emergence of Salmonella isolates that are resistant to multiple antibiotics poses a serious health problem. The antimicrobial resistance patterns that were detected in the study thus warrant further studies to understand the antibiotic susceptibility and resistance pattern of Salmonella against the major classes of antibiotics.

Background and AimsVentilator‐associated pneumonia is highly prevalent nosocomial infection among patients under mechanical ventilation. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is effective in identifying the type of pathogen involved and determine the course of antibiotic. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of different pathogens involved in ventilator‐associated pneumonia (VAP) and associated antibiotic resistance and sensitivity pattern.MethodsIn this descriptive cross‐sectional study, patients admitted to the intensive care unit under mechanical ventilation at Shahid Madani Educational and Medical Center in Karaj during 2018 and 2020 were included. BAL samples were obtained from the patients. Demographic data, duration of hospitalization, duration of mechanical ventilation, and antibiotic susceptibility and resistance tests were recorded for all the patients.ResultsAmong 335 patients included in the study, 215 (64.2%) were males. The mean age of the patients was 55.06 ± 14.90 years. The most common pathogens reported were Acinetobacter baumannii (40%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (21.2%), and Staphylococcus aureus (13.4%). The mean age of the patients, gender, duration of mechanical ventilation, and duration of hospitalization were not associated with the type of pathogen, P > .05, respectively.ConclusionBAL of these patients indicated that various pathogens are responsible for VAP, and can vary from patient to patient. Antibiotic resistance and susceptibility pattern of these pathogens vary and therefore is important in determining the course of the treatment.

Background: Diabetic foot infections (DFIs) represent a significant public health challenge, and understanding the pathogens responsible is essential for effective antibiotic therapy. The microorganisms causing these infections, along with their antibiotic resistance patterns, vary by geographic region, necessitating localized empirical treatment. Objective: This study aims to investigate the incidence of antibiotic sensitivity and resistance patterns of bacterial infections in diabetic foot ulcers in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Material and method: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Diabetes Center, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar, over four months, involving 500 randomly selected diabetic patients with foot ulcers. Samples were collected aseptically using wound swabs and cultured on various media, including Mueller-Hinton agar, MacConkey agar, and CLED. Bacterial identification was carried out using biochemical assays (catalase, coagulase, TSI), Gram staining, and the use of specific media. Antibiotic susceptibility was evaluated using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25. Result: Out of 500 samples, 200 (40%) showed positive bacterial growth, with the highest sample contribution from Peshawar (35%), followed by Bannu (25%). Female participants accounted for 58%, with the majority (68%) aged between 41 and 60 years. Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the principal isolates, confirmed through Gram staining and biochemical assays. Antibiotic susceptibility testing showed high sensitivity to Amikacin (91%) and Gentamicin (89%), while resistance rates for Cotrimoxazole and Imipenem exceeded 90%. Conclusion: This study highlights the significant prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae in diabetic foot ulcers across Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the high rates of antibiotic resistance. The results underscore the critical need for localized antibiotic management strategies to reduce resistance and improve patient outcomes.

Aims: To isolate and identify bacteria from infected wounds and determine their patterns of antibiotic susceptibility in order to understand their role in delayed wound healing and overall impact on patient quality of life. Study Design: Descriptive cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Vivek Laboratories, Nagercoil, Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu, India; study conducted over the period of 1 year from July 2023 to June 2024. Methodology: A total of 606 wound swab and pus samples were collected from patients presenting for medical care. Samples were cultured, and bacterial isolates were identified using standard biochemical tests. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Results: Out of 606 wound samples, 286 showed bacterial growth, indicating a 47% infection rate. Among the isolates, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most common (31.81%), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (20.9%), Escherichia coli (17.13%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (13.98%). Infection was more common in males (59%) than females (41%), with the highest prevalence in the 41–60 age groups (41%) and the lowest in the 01–20 age group (4%). No significant association was observed between infection and potential risk factors (p > 0.05). All isolates were 100% susceptible to vancomycin and 100% resistant to penicillin. Ofloxacin was found to be the most effective first-line treatment. Staphylococcus aureus emerged as the predominant pathogen. Conclusion: Wound infections are predominantly caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with a high level of resistance to penicillin and full susceptibility to vancomycin. Early identification and targeted therapy can help improve patient outcomes and wound healing.

Bloodstream infections (BSIs) significantly contribute to global morbidity and mortality, exacerbated by rising antimicrobial resistance. A thorough understanding of the bacterial profiles and their antibiotic susceptibility is crucial for effective treatment. This study aims to identify the pathogens associated with BSIs, assess their prevalence, and evaluate their antibiotic resistance patterns, considering demographic factors and comorbidities. A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Microbiology Lab of Amjad Naeem Clinic Rawalpindi, from January to June 2024. We analyzed 135 blood culture samples using aseptic techniques. Blood samples were cultured in Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) broth under aerobic and anaerobic conditions for up to 7 days. Isolates were classified using Gram staining and biochemical tests. Antibiotic susceptibility was assessed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Staphylococcus aureus was the most prevalent pathogen, accounting for 41.2%, followed by Escherichia coli at 21.8%. Other notable isolates included Acinetobacter baumannii (10.3%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (7.4%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (8.1%). Antibiotic susceptibility revealed that Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis were highly sensitive to linezolid (92.3%) but resistant to erythromycin (72.7%). Escherichia coli showed significant resistance to cephalexin (61.5%) but high sensitivity to meropenem (91.7%). Klebsiella pneumoniae was similarly sensitive to meropenem (83.3%) and resistant to cephalexin (88.9%). Ciprofloxacin was effective against Acinetobacter baumannii (84.6%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (66.7%), while Salmonella typhi was sensitive to sulfamethoxazole (71.9%). Our findings indicate that Staphylococcus aureus is the predominant pathogen in BSIs, with Escherichia coli as the leading gram-negative organism. The observed antibiotic susceptibility patterns underscore the need for awareness programs to mitigate antibiotic resistance. Keywords: Bloodstream infection, Antimicrobial susceptibility, CLSI 2023, Rawalpindi

The antibiotic and metal tolerance patterns of Serratia marcescens strains isolated from soil and water around the Sangam region of Allahabad were obtained. Using the standard minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for each antibiotic respectively, the Kirby-Bauer disc-diffusion method was used to obtain antibiotic resistance patterns of the Serratia strains and the MIC of the metals - chromium, cadmium, cobalt, copper, lead and nickel for each of the strains were also obtained. Plasmid curing was carried out for specific antibiotic and metal resistances to ascertain plasmid-borne transfer of resistance genes. Results obtained showed that Multi-drug resistant (MDR) strains of Serratia were resistant to certain metals as well suggesting specific metal-antibiotic resistant gene patterns in the different strains.

Urinary tract infection (UTI) remains the most common bacterial infection in humans despite the widespread availability of antibiotics. Exteded spectrum beta-lactamase production is an important mechanism of antibiotic resistance in the Enterobacteriaceae. Antibiotic resistance is a rising dilemma of significant implications on global public health. Few data exist for the prevalence and trends of Klebsiella pneumoniae antibiotic resistance in Keffi metropolis Nigeria. This study was done to determine the prevalence of ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae as well as its antibiotic susceptibility pattern regarding some predisposing factors. Aim: This study was carried out to determine the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of uropathogenic K. pneumoniae in Keffi metropolis, Nigeria. Methodology: The current study was a carried out in Keffi, Nasarawa state, Nigeria from July to October 2024. It was a cross-sectional study comprising of 160 early morning urine samples randomly collected from consenting participants in the six selected hospitals. Isolation and identification of K. pneumoniae was done using standard microbiological methods. The antibiotic susceptibility profile of isolates was carried out using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method and interpretation was done following the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute protocol. Results obtained in this study were analysed using Smith’s Statistical Package (version 2.8, California, USA) and P value of ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The result of this study revealed an overall prevalence of 20/160 (12.5%). The highest prevalence of the isolate was seen in females 14(8.75) compared to males 6 (3.75%), while the highest prevance regarding age was recorded among the 15-34 age group 12 (7.5%) while the least was recorded among those greater than 65 years 0 (0%). Furthermore, the highest number of isolate was recorded at FMCK 7 (4.4%) followed jointly by GHK and PHC TK 4 (2.5%) with PHC, KP and PHC AJ 1 (0.63%) beign the least respectively. There was a high level of resistance to ceftazidime 20 (100%), followed jointly by ceftriaxone, cefurexime and treptomycin 19 (95%) and augmentin 18 (90%) but low to amoxicillin 6 (30%) and ofloxacin 6 (30%) respectively. Most of the isolates tested were multidrug resistant and all were extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) producing. Conclusion: The relatively high detection rate of multidrug resistant uropathogenic K. pneumoniae in this study calls for concern. More concerning is the isolation from primary health care centers (PHCs) signifying the importance of universal health coverage and the place of PHCs in antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) programs as one of the strategies to control the spread of antimocrobial resistance.

Comparison of Antibiotic Susceptibility Profiles and Molecular Typing Patterns of Clinical and Environmental Salmonella enterica Serotype Newport

One of the most prevalent ailments afflicting people worldwide, particularly in underdeveloped nations, is respiratory tract infection (RTI). Public health and the results for patients are seriously threatened by the increasing prevalence of resistant bacteria to antibiotics among the bacterial infections that cause RTIs. The purpose of this study is to ascertain the pattern of antibiotic resistance and bacteriological profile of RTI patients who are admitted to a hospital with tertiary care. Material & Methods: 92 patients with a clinical suspicion of RTI participated in a prospective trial. Clinical samples were collected and processed according to standard microbiological protocols. The isolated pathogenic microbes were identified by biochemical testing, and in accordance with CLSI standards, the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique was employed to test them for antibiotic susceptibility. Result: Out of 92 samples, 50 (54.35%) were culture-negative, 3 (3.26%) had fungal growth, and 39 (42.39%) had bacterial growth. Klebsiella species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E. coli, Acinetobacterbaumannii and Staph. Aureus, among others, were the most common bacterial isolates. High resistance to ceftazidime (83.33%) & aztreonam (83.33%) was found in Klebsiella isolates, with piperacillin (66.66%) and tigecycline as (58.33%) following closely behind. Conclusion: The study shows that multidrug-resistant organisms, especially Klebsiella spp., are quite common in RTI cases. For efficient care and to direct empirical therapy, it is essential to regularly evaluate bacterial trends and patterns of antibiotic susceptibility. Strict infection control procedures and the prudent use of antibiotics are required to counteract the growing threat of resistance to antibiotics.

Antibiotic resistance is a growing global health threat, and understanding local trends in bacterial isolates and their susceptibility patterns is crucial for effective infection control and antimicrobial stewardship. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has introduced additional complexities, potentially influencing these patterns. To analyze trends in bacterial isolates and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns at Salmaniya Medical Complex from 2018 to 2023, with a specific focus on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on these trends. A retrospective analysis of microbiological data was conducted, covering the period from 2018 to 2023. The study included key bacterial pathogens such as Escherichia coli (E. coli), Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus, among others. The antibiotic susceptibility profiles of these isolates were assessed using standard laboratory methods. To contextualize the findings, the findings were compared with similar studies from other regions, including China, India, Romania, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Malaysia, and United States. The study revealed fluctuating trends in the prevalence of bacterial isolates, with notable changes during the COVID-19 pandemic. For example, a significant increase in the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus was observed during the pandemic years, while the prevalence of E. coli showed a more variable pattern. Antibiotic resistance rates varied among the different pathogens, with a concerning rise in resistance to commonly used antibiotics, particularly among Klebsiella pneumoniae and E. coli. Additionally, the study identified an alarming increase in the prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains, especially within Klebsiella pneumoniae and E. coli isolates. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on these trends was evident, with shifts in the frequency, resistance patterns, and the emergence of MDR bacteria among several key pathogens. This study highlights the dynamic nature of bacterial isolates and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns at Salmaniya Medical Complex, particularly in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings underscore the need for continuous monitoring and effective anti-microbial stewardship programs to combat the evolving threat of antibiotic resistance. Further research and policy initiatives are required to address the identified challenges and improve patient outcomes in the face of these ongoing challenges.

Abstract Introduction- Antibiotic to treat dental caries infection are routinely prescribed. Bacteria have increased resistance to the currently recommended antibiotics. The purpose of this investigation was to perform antibiotic susceptibility on a panel pathogenic strain of bacteria isolated step by step from dental caries infection. Materials and Methods -Bacteria were isolated from caries site of patients and cultivated identified at the species level. Each of 150 species of bacteria was tested for antibiotics susceptibility to a five antibiotics using Etest. Antibiotic used were Amoxicillin, Cloxocillin, Erythromycin, Tetracycline, Penicillin-V. Results - The percentages of Resistance in treatment for each antibiotic in this study were penicillin V: 72/150 (48%), Tetracycline: 99/150 (66%), amoxicillin: 135/150 (90%), Cloxocillin: 117/150 (78%), and Erythromycin: 90/150 (60%) (Table 1). If combination antibiotic therapy had been used to treat the bacteria isolated from dental caries, the percentage of Resistance for the combination of penicillin V/Amoxicillin would have been 39/150 (26%), and the combination of amoxicillin/ Erythromycin would have been 45/150 (30%). Conclusion - This study demonstrated the Molecular Mechanism of antibiotic resistance and susceptibility pattern, of bacteria causing dental caries. The comprehensive results data obtained will allow in investigating spatial distribution of pathogenic antibiotic resistant bacteria in patients of dental caries. In turn this will allow the development of novel diagnostic and treatment methods.

Abstract Introduction- Antibiotic to treat dental caries infection are routinely prescribed. Bacteria have increased resistance to the currently recommended antibiotics. The purpose of this investigation was to perform antibiotic susceptibility on a panel pathogenic strain of bacteria isolated step by step from dental caries infection. Materials and Methods -Bacteria were isolated from caries site of patients and cultivated identified at the species level. Each of 150 species of bacteria was tested for antibiotics susceptibility to a five antibiotics using Etest. Antibiotic used were Amoxicillin, Cloxocillin, Erythromycin, Tetracycline, Penicillin-V. Results - The percentages of Resistance in treatment for each antibiotic in this study were penicillin V: 72/150 (48%), Tetracycline: 99/150 (66%), amoxicillin: 135/150 (90%), Cloxocillin: 117/150 (78%), and Erythromycin: 90/150 (60%) (Table 1). If combination antibiotic therapy had been used to treat the bacteria isolated from dental caries, the percentage of Resistance for the combination of penicillin V/Amoxicillin would have been 39/150 (26%), and the combination of amoxicillin/ Erythromycin would have been 45/150 (30%). Conclusion - This study demonstrated the Molecular Mechanism of antibiotic resistance and susceptibility pattern, of bacteria causing dental caries. The comprehensive results data obtained will allow in investigating spatial distribution of pathogenic antibiotic resistant bacteria in patients of dental caries. In turn this will allow the development of novel diagnostic and treatment methods.