Investigating the Effect of Physical and Chemical Treatments on the Rate of Rooting of Iranian and Imported Olive Cultivars Cuttings under Bottom-Heat and without Bottom-Heat Conditions

Introduction Pears have a high nutritional and economic value worldwide. One of the major problem in growing pear cultivars is their late fertility on seed bases. To solve this problem, using asexual propagation methods can lead to the production of root trees. Cuttings are commonly used for proliferation either softwood, semi-hardwood or hardwood. Clonal propagation is considered proper in rapid propagation of shrubs and trees species. Adventitious root formation in stem cuttings is a crucial physiological process for vegetative propagation of many plant species. Rooting ability of tree species through stem cuttings is affected by several factors particularly plant growth regulators. Rooting of pear stem cuttings is time consuming. Auxin is effective in stimulating root formation on cuttings. The most widely used auxins in rooting of stem cuttings are indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and naphtaleneacetic acid (NAA). Of these two auxins, IBA is the most widely used root promoting chemical, because it is nontoxic over a wide range of concentrations. Applied concentration is an important factor. Typically, a concentration of 2000 to 4000 ppm will result in good rooting for most shrubs and trees.Materials and Methods In this experiment, pear (Pyrus communis) was used as mother plants. Stem cuttings were used as plant materials in this experiment. The effect of different levels of indolebutyric acid (IBA) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) was studied on the rooting of pears in a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with 16 treatments and 4 replications. The experimental treatments included IBA and NAA at the rates of 0, 1000, 2000 or 4000 mg L-1. Rooting percentage, rooting time, root number, root length, root volume, plant height, leaf number and fresh and dry weights of cuttings were measured after about 130 days.Results and Discussion The results showed that the highest rooting (3.56 per seedling) was observed in cuttings treated with 4000 mg L-1 IBA. Also, the highest root number was obtained from the treatment of 1000 mg L-1 NAA and 2000 mg L-1 IBA with an average number of 0.16 roots per plant. According to the means comparison for the simple effect of IBA on the rooting time, the highest rooting time was related to the application of 4000 mg L-1 IBA. The results revealed that plants treated with 4000 mg L-1 NAA and 2000 mg L-1 IBA grew the longest roots. Also, ANOVA showed that among the applied factors, only the simple effect of IBA was significant on root volume. Means comparison for the simple effect of IBA on root volume showed that the highest was related to the application of 2000 mg L-1 IBA. According to the means comparison for the interactive effect of IBA × NAA on cutting fresh weight, the highest fresh weight was, on average, 8.36 g in plants treated with 4000 mg L-1 NAA and 2000 mg L-1 IBA. As well, means comparison the effect of IBA × NAA on cutting dry weight showed that the highest dry weight was 15.9 g related to the application of 4000 mg L-1 NAA × 2000 mg L-1 IBA. It was also observed that 2000 mg L-1 NAA × 1000 mg L-1 IBA was related to the longest cutting with an average length of 2.82 cm. Finally, plants treated with 4000 mg L-1 NAA and 2000 mg L-1 IBA produced the highest number of leaves (15.9 g, on average). One of the effective factors in the success of vegetative propagation of plants with stem cuttings, especially woody plants with hard-rooting stems, is the production of more roots in a short time. Plant growth regulators, including auxins, play an important role in this regard. The effect of auxins on the percentage and number of roots produced on stem cuttings has been shown by many researchers on various plants, including plants with hard-rooting cuttings particularly in trees. The most widely used auxins in this regard are IBA and NAA, respectively. The individual or combined effect of auxins for successful rooting depends on a number of factors, including plant type, cuttings type, cuttings size, cuttings age, and the time of year the cuttings were removed. In the present study, the combined effect of IBA and NAA had the greatest effect on most of the measured traits.

Spigelia marilandica (India pink, pinkroot), a herbaceous perennial native to the United States, is underused in the nursery trade, in part because it is difficult to propagate. We found from the first of two studies conducted during winter 2007 that stem-tip cuttings collected from greenhouse-grown stock plants submersed in 3000 or 6000 ppm (mg·liter−1) potassium salt of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) for one minute had greater percentage rooting (average 76.6) than cuttings not treated with IBA (46.9). Bottom heat [average 27.2C (81F)] compared to no bottom heat [23C (73F)] increased rooting percentage from 48 to 85%. The second winter 2007 study determined that rooting percentage according to method of application of 3000 ppm IBA was in the order: solution dip (60.1) > powder dip (49.8) ≥ solution submersion (46.6) ≥ control (42.7). During summer 2009, bottom heat and the same methods of application of 3000 ppm IBA described above were applied to terminal (stem tip) or subterminal cuttings collected from greenhouse-or field-grown stock plants. While IBA application method had no effect on rooting of cuttings from greenhouse-grown stock plants (average 54.1%), it affected cuttings from field-grown stock plants in the order: solution submersion (80.1%) > solution dip (54.4%) > powder dip = control (average 29.5%). Solution submersion cuttings from field-grown stock plants had much greater rooting (80.1%) than those from greenhouse-grown stock plants (47.2%). Control and powder dip cuttings from greenhouse-grown stock plants had greater rooting percentage than those from field-grown stock plants. Cutting type had no effect on rooting of field-grown cuttings (average 48.4%). Terminal cuttings from greenhouse-grown stock plants had greater rooting (73.3%) than subterminal cuttings (34.8%).

Letter to the Editor-in-Chief of JOSPT as follows: "Manual Therapy: More Than Elaborate Swordplay" with Authors' Response "Comparing Dry Needling to Corticosteroid Injection for Greater Trochanteric Pain Syndrome" with Authors' Response J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2017;47(8):580-585. doi:10.2519/jospt.2017.0204.

The experiment was conducted at Department of Vegetable Science, OUAT, Bhubaneswar from 2019-2021. Stored spine gourd seeds of six months old were used in this experiment. The seeds were first given various physical treatments (T1: control, T2: 48 hours soaking in water, T3: hot water treatment for 20 minutes + 48 hours soaking in water, T4: scarification by sand paper + 48 hours soaking in water, T5: removal of seed coat + 48 hours soaking in water) followed by chemical treatments (C1: GA3 100 ppm, C2: GA3 200 ppm, C3: KNO3 1%, C4: KNO3 2%, C5: Thiourea 1%, C6: Thiourea 2% & C7: control). The experiment was laid out in factorial CRD design with 35 treatment combinations replicated twice. The seeds were sown in plastic trays containing coco peat media. The effect of these treatments on number of days taken for initial germination, length of shoot, root, number of roots per seedling and percentage of seedling establishment in main field were recorded. From the data recorded, it was observed that among the physical treatments, T5 (removal of seed coat + 48 hours soaking in water), among the chemical treatments, C1 (GA3 100 ppm) and between the interactions, T5C1 (removal of seed coat + 48 hours soaking in water + GA3 100 ppm) took minimum number of days for initial germination with highest shoot and root length, maximum number of roots per seedling and highest establishment percentage in field. The lowest values were recorded in case of control. So, it can be concluded that removal of seed coat followed by 48 hour soaking in water and GA3 100 ppm treatment resulted early germination with desirable seedling traits and highest establishment percent in main field.

Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneider) is a multi-use dicot shrub of dry areas, has emerged as a cash crop and is being cultivated to provide a renewable source of a unique high- quality oil. Jojoba is a dioecious plant whose flower's sex cannot be determined before flowering i.e., 3-4 years from germination. Therefore the vegetative propagation using cutting is a good tool among various methods for propagating jojoba plants. The objective of this investigation was to find out the effect of various plant growth regulators (PGRs) and rooting media on rooting of jojoba cuttings. Semi-hard wood cuttings were treated with Indole butyric acid (IBA), α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) all @ 4000 ppm (part per million) and cultured on different rooting media under plastic tunnel conditions. IBA recorded higher percentage of rooting (37.33% & 32.66%) in the media consisting of sand and peat moss, and sand and soil respectively in comparison with other PGRs. In contrast, NAA gave the lowest percentage of rooting (16.00% & 16.66%) in the same media. No significant difference was observed with various PGRs in different rooting media in terms of number of roots. Root length was the greatest (9 cm) in medium comprising sand and peat moss using IAA. The rooting media significantly affected root length irrespective of its composition whereas PGRs did not differ significantly with respect to the same character. These results were considered good when no modern tools such as intermittent mist propagation system are available in some places and countries.

Enhancement of IBA stimulatory effect on rooting of olive cultivar stem cuttings

Differences in the root ability of olive cuttings in the juvenile and mature form are reported. The root ability of cuttings from juvenile and mature olive shoots together with the influence of season stem collection and different concentrations of IBA has been studied. Shoot proliferation and rooting of the olive explants were improved with editing to the nutrient media of 20 mg/l and 50 mg/l crude extract from olive ovule, respectively. Also, it is found that the extract of olive ovule has high content of IAA That means that shoots coming from the olive ovule located at the base of the tree have juvenility factors. Leafy stem cuttings of olive cultivar “Kalinjot” were obtained from 1-year-old olive shoots sampled on March 25 th , April 15 th , August 1 st and September 1 st during the 2013 growing season. The shoots were collected from the olive ovule located at the base of the tree (juvenile form) and on the crown of the tree (mature form) To improve the rooting of olive cuttings, different concentrations of IBA , (0,2000,4000,dhe 6000 ppm) After treatments, the stem cuttings, equipped with an automatic mist system, were planted in the greenhouse. 60 days after the beginning of rooting treatments, cuttings were scored for the presence of callus, percentage of rooted cuttings, root number per cutting and root length. In all the seasons and all the concentrations of IBA the juvenility modified significantly higher rooting of cuttings. The percentage of rooted cuttings sampled on April 15 th was markedly greater than that of rooted cuttings sampled on the other seasons. The concentration 4000 ppm of IBA was better.

بهمنظور بررسی اثر غلظت های مختلف ایندول بوتیریک اسید و نوع بستر کشت، بر ریشه زایی قلمه های چوب سخت دو پایه از دورگه های طبیعی بادام و همگروه جی. اف 677 (شاهد)، آزمایشی در فضای زیر پوشش پلاستیکی همراه با سامانه پا گرما در گلخانه های گروه علوم باغبانی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد اجرا شد. در این بررسی اثر چهار سطح ایندول بوتریک اسید (صفر، سه هزار، شش هزار و نه هزارمیلی گرم بر لیتر) در سه بستر پرلایت، کوکوپیت و ترکیبی از این دو (دو قسمت پرلایت و یک قسمت کوکوپیت) بر ریشه زایی قلمه های پایه شاهد و دو هیبرید جدید انتخابی هلو × بادام، به صورت کرت دوبار خرد شده در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار اجرا شد. نتایج نشان داد، از لحاظ درصد قلمه های ریشه دار شده و تعداد ریشه در هر قلمه و طول ریشه بین غلظت های مختلف ایندول بوتریک اسید، بسترهای کشت و پایه های بکاربرده شده درسطح احتمال یک درصد با شاهد تفاوت معنی داری وجود داشت. بیشترین درصد قلمه های ریشه دار شده و تعداد ریشه و طول ریشه از غلظت 3000 میلی گرم در لیتر ایندول بوتریک اسید و بستر پر لایت و پایه شاهد بدست آمد. در صفات مذکور اثر متقابل پایه× غلظت و بستر نیز در سطح یک درصد تفاوت را نشان داد. پایه شاهد در محیط پرلایت و غلظت 3000 میلی‌گرم در لیتر ایندول بوتیریک اسید بهترین نتیجه را داشت. هم‌چنین حجم ریشه در سطح احتمال پنج درصد تحت تاثیر غلظت هورمون بوده است که بالاترین حجم از غلظت3000 میلی‌گرم در لیتر حاصل شد.

The objective of our study was to develop a protocol enabling the use of vegetation indices to evaluate the rooting of Rhododendron pulchrum cuttings . Six root growth parameters were recorded after those cuttings were exposed to rooting media for 47 days. Among plants with different of soil-plant analysis development (SPAD) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values, those with higher values exhibited significantly higher values for the root number, root length, and root dry weight, suggesting that reflectance indices were useful in measuring the root growth parameters of R. pulchrum cuttings. Another aim of this work was to study the effects of a plant growth regulator (PGR) and biostimulant on rooting for cutting propagation. Treatments with indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) of 2000 mg×L -1 alone and combined with 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA; 2000 mg×L -1 ), salicylic acid (SA; 10 -4 M), and thiamine (TA; 800 mg L - 1 ) were applied to cuttings of R. pulchrum . The same observations on six different rooting parameters were recorded and analyzed after cuttings were exposed to rooting media for 99 days for the auxin test, and 62 days for the SA and TA tests. Compared to NAA, IBA enhanced root growth and development as determined by increases in all parameters, and therefore it was used thereafter. Successful results for the root number and root dry weight were achieved using cuttings of R. pulchrum with a combination of IBA and SA. In addition, the mix of IBA and TA resulted in higher root numbers. These combined treatments are recommended for establishing stem cuttings for raising R. pulchrum plants in the nursery.

Under arid and semi-arid conditions, direct application of phosphate rock (PR) as a source of phosphorus (P) for crop production is likely influenced by agricultural practices and soil properties. Different approaches could be used to improve the agronomic efficiency of low-grade PR over a wider range of soils and crops. In this study, biological, physical, and chemical treatments of low-grade Moroccan PR were investigated and compared through agronomic trials on faba bean grown under alkaline soil conditions. The physical treatment was based on blending PR with triple superphosphate (TSP) at 75:25 and 50:50 ratios, the biological treatments involved co-application of PR with compost at 50:50 ratio and phospho-compost elaborated from PR (20%), sewage sludge (46%), and wheat residues (34%), while the chemical treatment was obtained by a 30% acidulation of PR by phosphoric acid. Control treatments consisting of zero P application (control), PR alone, and TSP alone were considered to assess the effectiveness of the abovementioned techniques to improve PR agronomic efficiency. A pot experiment was conducted in sandy soil (Jorf Lasfar, central Morocco) for 60 days in a completely randomized design considering eight treatments. All treatments, except the control, were amended with 52 mg kg-1 of P from different PR-based fertilizers before sowing. At the flowering stage (60-day-old plants), results indicated that all PR treatments significantly improved plant growth, root nodulation, and nutrient uptake compared to the control. The relative agronomic efficiency of pretreated PR was significantly higher with phospho-compost treatment (86%) than the partially acidulated PR (78%) or the PR/TSP blend 50:50 (64%). Likewise, P uptake, P use efficiency, number of root nodules, and N uptake all were improved under PR treatments. Our finding revealed that the biological technique based on phospho-compost yielded better compared to chemical and physical treatments.

Physical, chemical and biological treatment of textile wastewater for removal of dyes and heavy metals

The inactivation of avian influenza virus subtype H5N1 isolated from chickens in Thailand by chemical and physical treatments

Cassava mosaic virus is a growing threat to cassava cultivation, and the rapid propagation of disease-free cassava stems offers an alternative approach to producing planting material. This study investigated the effects of different plant growth regulators and nutrient media on leaf bud propagation among different cassava varieties. A 3 x 4 factorial with a randomized complete block design (RCBD) was used with three replications. Three cassava varieties, Kasetsart 50 (KU50), Rayong 9 (RY9), and Huay Bong 60 (HB60) were assigned as factor A, and four different media, i.e., control treatment (distilled water), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) at 500 mg/L, Semi-Autotrophic Hydroponic (SAH) nutrient solution, and IBA+SAH, were assigned as factor B. Data were recorded for growth and survival traits at 30 days. The results showed that the RY9 variety exhibited superior growth parameters, whereas the KU50 and HB60 varieties showed a higher survival rate. Applying IBA, alone or with SAH, negatively affected cassava plantlet growth and survival rate. On the other hand, applying SAH alone yielded results comparable to the control treatment, significantly differing from the IBA and IBA+SAH treatments. This study also noted that IBA applications enhanced root traits in the RY9 variety but not in other varieties. The HB60 variety outperformed the survival rates and dry shoot weights of RY9 and KU50 under SAH treatment. This finding can be used to select an effective method for leaf bud multiplication in response to the demand for disease-free cassava planting materials.

Extraneous DNA interferes with PCR studies of endophytic fungi. A procedure was developed with which to evaluate the removal of extraneous DNA. Wheat (Triticum aestivum) leaves were sprayed with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and then subjected to physical and chemical surface treatments. The fungal ITS1 products were amplified from whole tissue DNA extractions. ANOVA was performed on the DNA bands representing S. cerevisiae on the agarose gel. Band profile comparisons using permutational multivariate ANOVA (PERMANOVA) and non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) were performed on DGGE gel data, and band numbers were compared between treatments. Leaf surfaces were viewed under variable pressure scanning electron microscopy (VPSEM). Yeast band analysis of the agarose gel showed that there was no significant difference in the mean band DNA quantity after physical and chemical treatments, but they both differed significantly (p < 0.05) from the untreated control. PERMANOVA revealed a significant difference between all treatments (p < 0.05). The mean similarity matrix showed that the physical treatment results were more reproducible than those from the chemical treatment results. The NMDS showed that the physical treatment was the most consistent. VPSEM indicated that the physical treatment was the most effective treatment to remove surface microbes and debris. The use of molecular and microscopy methods for the post-treatment detection of yeast inoculated onto wheat leaf surfaces demonstrated the effectiveness of the surface treatment employed, and this can assist researchers in optimizing their surface sterilization techniques in DNA-based fungal endophyte studies.

This work was focused on analyzing the effect produced by the addition of tannic acid as a crosslinking agent of chitosan matrix and the influence of the heat treatment applied. Taking into account those aspects relevant for packaging applications, thermal stability, mechanical properties, water resistance and kinetics of biodegradation of the film were monitored. The chemical crosslinking as well as the curing of the matrices have improved the mechanical properties and those related to the water affinity such as solubility, permeability and contact angle. Although both processes had an influence on the extent of the film degradation, these materials conserved their biodegradable character. Moreover, it was observed a synergistic effect of both chemical and physical treatments since the two processes in simultaneous caused further delay in the biodegradation. Consequently, in these materials the access to fungal attack and all those reactions mediated by the presence of water were restricted, which confirmed the higher stability of the matrices submitted to chemical or physical crosslinking.