Abstract
People look at what they are interested in, and their emotional expressions tend to indicate how they feel about the objects at which they look. The combination of gaze direction and emotional expression can therefore convey important information about people’s evaluations of the objects in their environment, and can even influence the subsequent evaluations of those objects by a third party, a phenomenon known as the emotional gaze effect. The present study extended research into the effect of emotional gaze cues by investigating whether they affect evaluations of the most important aspect of our social environment–other people–and whether the presence of multiple gaze cues enhances this effect. Over four experiments, a factorial within-subjects design employing both null hypothesis significance testing and a Bayesian statistical analysis replicated previous work showing an emotional gaze effect for objects, but found strong evidence that emotional gaze cues do not affect evaluations of other people, and that multiple, simultaneously presented gaze cues do not enhance the emotional gaze effect for either the evaluations of objects or of people. Overall, our results suggest that emotional gaze cues have a relatively weak influence on affective evaluations, especially of those aspects of our environment that automatically elicit affectively valenced reactions, including other humans.
Highlights
Humans are experts at interpreting the non-verbal signals produced by others [1, 2]
The present study aimed to address this gap in the literature by examining how gaze cues and the emotional expressions that sometimes accompany them influence our initial impressions of others
ANOVA is generally robust to skew when means come from distributions with similar shapes [82, 83]
Summary
Humans are experts at interpreting the non-verbal signals produced by others [1, 2]. Recent research suggests that paying attention to others’ gaze cues can do more than alert us to the existence of objects in our environment that we have previously overlooked; it can affect how much we like those objects [3, 5,6,7,8]. The importance of gaze cues and the ability to interpret them is reflected in a wide range of evidence. The ability to detect and follow another’s gaze is present from infancy and contributes to the development of joint attention, in which the infant (or adult) following the other’s.
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