Abstract
This study aims to investigate the impact of using untreated wastewater in irrigation. Different scenarios of management were applied by mixing it with treated wastewater or freshwater on groundwater quality. A hypothetical case study is presented. The numerical model of MODFLOW is used in the simulation by applying four stages (21 scenarios) including: different values of pumping rates, changing wastewater recharge rates, and a combination of the previous scenarios. Additionally, protection scenario for groundwater was applied by using different values of mixing of freshwater with wastewater. The simulation was carried out for the contamination of Chemical Oxygen Demand COD and the concentration reached 48.6 ppm at a depth of 25 m and 19.41 ppm at a depth of 50 m in the base case. The results showed a negative impact on groundwater quality had occurred due to increasing the pumping rates, wastewater recharge rates, and combination between two scenarios, which led to an increase of the contaminants in the aquifers. However, positive protection effects occurred due to mixing the wastewater with treated wastewater. The results of COD concentration in groundwater using treated wastewater reached 81.82, 77.88, 74.03, 70.12, and 66.15 ppm at a depth of 25 m and 53.53, 50.95, 48.43, 45.87, and 43.28 ppm at a depth of 50 m, at concentrations of 93, 88.52, 84.14, 79.7, and 75.19 ppm with constant pumping and recharge rates of 4320 m3/d and 547.5 mm/year, respectively. The using of treated wastewater could improve the groundwater quality to be used in the irrigation process and help to minimize groundwater contamination. Moreover, the abstraction of the groundwater should be optimized, and the qualities of wastewater should be constrained in agriculture to protect the groundwater quality.
Highlights
IntroductionWater scarcity is considered the major challenge that faces many countries around the world [1]
The different scenarios of untreated wastewater and freshwater were considered in the current study including four scenarios, the first is pumping rate (Qpump ), the second is wastewater recharge rates (R), the third is combination, and the fourth is mixing untreated wastewater with freshwater
The results showed that over pumping rates led to increase the distribution of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) in the groundwater and the concentration reached 52.37, 57.29, 62.52, 68.42, and 74.49 ppm at depth 25 m and reached
Summary
Water scarcity is considered the major challenge that faces many countries around the world [1]. It is an imbalance condition that occurs because of a lack of freshwater resources and increasing water demand. The amount of water on the surface of the planet is estimated at 1388 million cubic kilometers, about 97% of that amount is in the form of salt water, and only 3% is in the form of freshwater. The largest proportion of this freshwater, between 48 and 69%, is found in the form of permanent ice caps in the Antarctic, ice in mountainous regions, and the Arctic. Groundwater accounts for nearly 30% of freshwater
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