Abstract
Molybdenum has been found to be associated with metabolic disorders. However, the relationship between molybdenum and metabolic syndrome (MetS) is still unclear. A large case-control study was conducted in a Chinese population from the baseline of Ezhou-Shenzhen cohort. A total of 5356 subjects were included with 2678 MetS and 2678 controls matched by sex and age (±2 years). Medians (IQRs) of plasma molybdenum concentrations were 1.24 μg/L for MetS cases and 1.46 μg/L for controls. After adjustment for multiple covariates, the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for MetS were 1.00 (reference), 0.71 (0.59–0.84), 0.56 (0.46–0.68), and 0.47 (0.39–0.58) across quartiles of plasma molybdenum, and per SD increment of log-transformed molybdenum was associated with a 23% lower risk of MetS. In the spline analysis, the risk of MetS and its components decreased steeply with increasing molybdenum and followed by a plateau when the cutoff point was observed around 2.0 μg/L. The dose-dependent relationship of molybdenum with MetS remained consistent when considering other essential elements in the Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) model. In our study, higher plasma molybdenum was significantly associated with a lower risk of MetS, as well as its components, in a dose-response manner.
Highlights
The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a constellation of metabolic abnormalities including abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and disturbed glucose and insulin metabolism [1], all of which were well documented high-risk factors for both cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus [2,3,4]
Higher levels of BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference, waistto-hip circumference ratio, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), fasting plasma glucose, triglycerides, and lower levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in the MetS group were observed compared with controls (p < 0.01 for all)
Our findings revealed that plasma molybdenum was reversely associated with blood glucose and triglyceride levels, which was supported by two prospective studies indicating that plasma molybdenum has a significant benefit in lowering glucose levels and homeostatic model assessments for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) [24,25]
Summary
The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a constellation of metabolic abnormalities including abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and disturbed glucose and insulin metabolism [1], all of which were well documented high-risk factors for both cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus [2,3,4]. Growing evidence suggested that essential elements might impact the onset and progression of MetS [9,10,11,12]. Molybdenum (Mo) is an essential trace element for the normal human physiology and functions as a cofactor for several enzymes in metabolism, including xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR), aldehyde oxidase (AO), sulfite oxidase (SO), nitrite reductases, and mitochondrial amidoxime reducing component (mARC) [13,14,15,16,17].
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