INVENTARISASI DAN IDENTIFIKASI TUMBUHAN PANGAN DI KECAMATAN SABU BARAT KABUPATEN SABU RAIJUA

Home gardens are the first source of immediate contact between people and plants since the gardens are within homesteads. Most home garden studies in Senegal concentrate on food security and economic benefits; no research has been carried out on the social and ecological contexts of home gardening in Senegal. It is therefore necessary to evaluate the way people interact with the home garden plants and how such an interface influences plant diversity. The objective of this study is to evaluate the ethnobotanical knowledge associated to home garden plants and its effect on plant diversity conservation in home gardens. A sample of 30 home gardens was selected from the three main departments of the region and was used to collect plant species data. Data were collected from informants who were selected basing on recommendations from village leaders. Techniques used were plant inventory, participatory observations and individual interviews. Species nomenclature was based on Senegal analytical flora and the world plant list; comparison of effect between different variables was analyzed in analytical software R using simple linear regression analysis. A total of 96 plant species were identified; all species were found to be useful plants divided into eight functional groups. Fifty-four percent (54%) were food species, 40% medicinal, 32% ornamental, 14% commercial, 7% fodder, 4% sacred, 4% ceremonial and 3% cosmetic. Citrus limon was the most frequent (80%) and preferred species in the home gardens. Food plant species are the most diversified, abundant and rich use category. There is a relationship between uses of species and species diversity (P value < 0.001). Species diversity in the home gardens increases as the spectrum of use increases; thus, species with more than one use were highly diversified; people prefer multipurpose species for multiple benefits. This study expresses home gardens as diversified agroecosystems for sustainable biodiversity conservation of useful plant species.

Homegardens host a significant portion of plant biodiversity and played an important role towards the development of early agriculture and domestication of crops and fruit trees, a still ongoing process. The study was conducted on homegardens of Arba Minch town, Southern Ethiopia with the aim of documenting the indigenous knowledge on categorization, use and management of useful plants species in ho-megardens. A random sample of 100 homegardens from four sub-cities of Arba Minch town was used to collect useful plant species data. Techniques used were focus group discussion, semi-structured interviews, home garden tour and free listing. A total of 138 useful plant species were documented, of which 12.36% were edible plants, 11.90% income source plants, and 8.92% shade plants. Fabaceae was the dominant family represented by 17 species, followed by Euphorbiaceae with 10 species and Asteraceae and Poaceae with 6 species each. Homegarden size of the study area ranged from 220 to 1235 m2 with an average size of 727.5 m2. The age of homegarden is ranged from 10 years old to 50 years old with an average age of 30. The number of species in the homegarden ranges from 10 to 45 with the average of 27.5. The study indicates that homegardens are contributing to food security, income generation and livelihoods in Arba Minch town through production of ornamental, food plants, fodder, medicinal, timber and construction. The study recommended that the management of useful plant species in homegardens will be scaled up and further expanded and assisted by agricultural extensions in urban areas in Ethiopia.

The study was conducted on homegardens of Hawassa city, Southern Ethiopia with the aim of documenting useful plant species; identifying the internal and external household factors related to useful plant species diversity in and around home gardens and examining its contribution to household food security and income generation. A random sample of 120 homegardens from eight sub-cities of Hawassa city was used to collect useful plant species data. Techniques used were focus group discussion, semi-structured interviews, home garden tour, market survey, free listing, priority ranking, and preference ranking. A total of 258 useful plant species were documented, of which 47.29% were ornamental plants, 29.75% food plants, and 15.89% medicinal plants. Fabaceae was the dominant family represented by 9 genera and 20 species, followed by Euphorbiaceae and Asteraceae with 17 and 16 species each respectively. Homegarden size of the study area ranged from 220 to 1235 m2 with a mean size of 571 m2. The age of homegarden is ranged from 15 years old to 55 years old with a mean aged of 28. The number of species in the homegarden ranges from 10 to 45 with the mean of 23. The study indicates that home gardens are contributing to food security, income generation and livelihoods in Hawassa city through production of ornamental, food plants, fodder, medicinal, timber and construction. The study recommended that the management of useful plant species in homegardens will be scaled up and further expanded and assisted by agricultural extensions in urban areas in Ethiopia. Key words: Urban home garden, plant species diversity, household livelihood, food security.

The home garden is a unique human-nature interspace that accommodates a diverse spectrum of plant species and provides multiple services to households. One of the most important roles of home gardens is to shelter the agricultural plant diversity that provides for diverse and healthy nutrition, especially in rural communities. While tropical home gardens have received wide recognition due to their provisional function for the local communities, temperate and especially European home gardens have been discussed less frequently as a source of subsistence. The main objectives of the current study were to document plant species grown in Bulgarian rural home gardens and to explore related local knowledge and cultural practices that influence food plant diversity, its selection and preservation. Field work was focused on settlements situated in eight provinces in South and North-West Bulgaria. Participants representing 65 home gardens were approached through semi-structured interviews. Home gardens were found to harbor 145 cultivated and semi-cultivated plant taxa, used as food, medicinal and aromatic plants and as animal fodder. Members of the Rosaceae family were most numerous. The largest part of the garden area was occupied by vegetable crops of Solanaceae and Cucurbitaceae. In 63.1% of the studied households, the food growing area comprised more than 2/3 of the total size of the garden. Most preferred crops reflected the social and cultural importance of food self-provisioning, especially in the rural areas. The provisional role of the home gardens in regard to preparation of traditional foods and the driving forces for seed saving are discussed.

The plant's species which used as a food source by humans that contains carbohydrates and can produce energy as a source of protein, vitamins, fats, and minerals. The purposes of this research were to obtain the data of the species of plants used as food sources and also to obtain data on the plant parts and how to process these plants as food sources used in Jawai Laut Village, South Jawai District, Sambas Regency. The data is collected by using a survey method through semi-structured interviews with the respondents using a purposive sampling technique. The results of the research found that 58 species of plants belonging to 30 families. Most of them are in the family of Arecaceae, Solanaceae, Moraceae 4 species. The part used is the fruit of 40 species (56%). The plants used as vegetables, spices, and beverage ingredients. There are 28 species (41%) of plants which used by direct consumption, 35 species (51%) of cooked plants, 3 species (4%) of mashed plants, 3 species (4%) of mined plants, and most of the plants which used are from the fruit group, there are 34 species ( 59%), 12 species of vegetables (21%). Food plants are obtained from the cultivation of 48 species (79%), and wild plants 19 species (30%).Keyword: Food sources, Jawai Laut Village, Plant species

Home gardens act as an important ex situ conservation for biodiversity. While many home gardens are based on traditional knowledge system, the erosion of traditional knowledge posts serious challenges to the preservation and conservation of plant diversity. Therefore, this study aimed to document ethnobotanical knowledge of cultivated plants and to assess their species diversity in the selected home gardens. A total of 50 home gardens in the center of Parit Raja, Johor were selected and the plant uses were documented using semi-structured questionnaires. In total, 127 plant species belonging to 55 families were recorded from the study area. Euphorbiaceae had the highest number of species (12), followed by the families of Rutaceae (8), and Zingiberaceae (6). The most cited plant species were Codiaeum sp. (35), Cymbopogan citratus (30), and Capsicum annuum (27). Of the recorded plant species, 51% were used as sources of food, 31% as ornamentals, 27% as medicinal, and 1% as dye and in ritual. The study shows that properly managed home gardens have high productivity and sustainability which help in conserving plant diversity, traditional knowledge, and food sufficiency.

Home gardens have received increasing attention and have been insistently presented as hotspots for agro-biodiversity over the last decades. However, apart from their exceptional high plant species diversity, there is little quantitative evidence of the effectiveness of plant species conservation in home gardens. This study examined this issue by assessing (i) the size and membership of garden flora and the contribution to the maintenance of the national flora, (ii) how home garden flora connects to the larger ecosystem it belongs to and (iii) the conservation status of plant species at the home garden level. 360 home gardens distributed in three agro-ecological zones and nine phyto-geographical districts in Benin were visited and inventoried. Diversity parameters at different taxonomic levels were calculated. Species accumulation and spatial occupancy, multivariate methods and rarity index were also used for data analysis. Findings showed that the 360 studied home gardens hosted up to 14.21% of plant species and 44.32% of plant families of the national flora. Home garden flora was constantly dominated by exotic plant species but strongly connected to their surrounding ecosystems, being composed of at least 60% of plant species from their phyto-geographical districts. Finally, home garden plant species were mostly rare and threatened at the home garden level. In this study, we acknowledge the contribution of home gardens to the maintenance of plant species diversity at regional and global levels than local level. Based on the observed prevalence of exotic species, HG effectiveness in sustainably conserving native plant species biodiversity remains questionable.

Food insecurity has been reported to be the top most concern in East Nusa Tenggara (Timor Island) compared to that in other provinces in Indonesia. The use of local species as food sources is one possible arm in the fight against food insecurity. Gewang (Corypha utan Lam.) is a palm species which produces starch similar to the true sago palm (Metroxylon sagu). Although it is important to promote the species as a starch crop, information on its current population and seedling growth performance is still lacking. Hence, a one-hectare plot was surveyed and an experimental plot was established for population and regeneration analyses. In the 1 ha plot there were 31 productive trees, 2 post productive trees, 63 immature trees and 2,211 seedlings. The dispersion of the species followed the clumped pattern for immature trees and seedlings, but shifted to random pattern at maturity or productive stage. The seedling survival was stable when weeded, but dropped to 50% when un-weeded. However, in spite of its stem extraction for starch consumption, the population of C. utan in East Nusa Tenggara was stable. This indicated that C. utan in East Nusa Tenggara is a potential alternative food source to help build food security in Indonesia especially in dry lands like Timor Island and its adjacent regions.

East Nusa Tenggara is one of the provinces in Indonesia that has big forest fires following some provinces in Kalimantan and Sumatra. However, forest fires in East Nusa Tenggara have less attention in forest fires discussion in Indonesia. This study aims to analyze forest fires in East Nusa Tenggara and their impact on reducing visibility and increasing carbon monoxide (CO) from 2015 to 2019. In this study, hotspot, forest fire area, Oceanic Niño Index, visibility, and CO total column data were used to analyze the forest fires using a statistical comparison method in East Nusa Tenggara, Kalimantan, and Sumatra. The result shows that the number of hotspots in East Nusa Tenggara less than in Kalimantan and Sumatra for the same forest fire area. The forest fires in East Nusa Tenggara do not harm the atmospheric environment significantly. East Nusa Tenggara dominantly consists of savanna areas with no peatland, hence, the forest biomass burning produces less smoke and CO. Furthermore, the forest fire in East Nusa Tenggara has not an impact on decreasing visibility and increasing CO total column, in contrast, visibility in Sumatra and Kalimantan has fallen to 6 km from the annual average, and CO total column rise three times of normal condition during peak fire.

This biodiversity study of natural food production to supporting the communities upstream of Chi River Basin aims at collecting the name and species of natural food plants in the forest around the upstream areas of Chi River Basin. This is a phenomenal study of species and potential benefits of forest food. Qualitative methodology was mainly used to collect data; the study relied on the knowledge of the local people had to recall the local data, which significantly focused on the species of natural food plant. The study site was located in the Nongbuadaeng district of Chaiyaphum province, Thailand. It was found that almost all the villagers in the Isaan region (northeastern Thailand) are in the agricultural sector, growing cash crops, such as cassava and sugarcane, the farming of which has affected deforestation and therefore natural food production since the forest is the source of local food. The research focused on species of natural food plants in the community upstream of the Chi River Basin. The information of natural food production biodiversity is in a database for use as guidelines for introducing natural conservation in food security planning with sustainable livelihood in the future. The biodiversity of natural food production to support the community in the upstream forest of the Chi River Basin has 109 species, which can be separated into the following categories: tree (22.9%), plant in wetlands (20.18%), climber (19.27%), mushroom (19.27%), shrub and annual crops (12.84%), and bamboo (5.50%). The taste of natural food plant production includes 5 tastes: tasteless, bitter, astringent, sour, and spicy, and how plants are used for food depends on the species of plant. However, almost all natural food in the forest are seasonal products; for example, the bamboo shoot villagers can collect the whole year, while fruits primarily flourish between August and September.

Biodiversity is endangered in many regions of the world, with loss of native plant species a growing concern requiring a major focus on conservation measures. However, the threat posed by introduced viral pathogens to native plant biodiversity has been ignored almost completely. What occurs when weed seeds and vegetative propagules or seeds of cultivated plants unknowingly infected with viruses are introduced to other regions of the world and the viruses introduced with them then invade indigenous plants for the first time? To what extent are introduced viruses capable of causing damaging diseases which then threaten native plant communities and their species biodiversity, and in what ways can they do this? What can be done about it? In this Opinion piece, our intent is to answer these questions by awakening worldwide interest to undertake research activities that provide a comprehensive understanding of the threat posed by introduced viruses to natural plant ecosystems and biodiversity. Development of such an understanding requires research activities capable of providing in-depth information at both biological and molecular levels. Without such knowledge, effective solutions are unlikely to emerge. New encounters involving viruses and plant species are becoming increasingly common at the agro-ecological interface between managed and natural vegetation. This is because of rapidly increasing human activity, such as agricultural extensification, diversification and intensification practices to increase food production and to address food insecurity, encroaching urbanization and ever increasing international trade in plants and plant products (e.g. Alexander et al., 2014; Jones, 2009, 2014; Roossinck and Garcia-Arenal, 2015). Moreover, inadvertent introduction of new, more efficient virus vectors often exacerbates spread of viruses to previously uninvaded plant species at vegetation interfaces. In the future, the frequency of new encounters between viruses and plant species is likely to increase even more rapidly because of the major alterations in cultivated plant distributions anticipated from climate change (Jones and Barbetti, 2012). Genomic divergence is roughly proportional to the evolutionary distance from a common ancestor, and a high degree of nucleotide sequence diversity over a small geographical range is typical of viruses that have co-evolved locally with native plants (e.g. Coutts et al., 2011; Webster et al., 2007). These viruses are referred to as ‘indigenous’ to distinguish them from others that have arrived from elsewhere and therefore show much less sequence diversity, for which the term ‘introduced’ is used (e.g. Coutts et al., 2011; Jones, 2009; Webster et al., 2007). The threat posed by introduced fungal pathogens to native plant communities and their biodiversity has received considerable attention (e.g. Burdon et al., 2006), and the consequences of virus infection seem likely to resemble those of fungi, including a reduced ability of infected plants to compete with other plants and produce sufficient seed for the next generation (e.g. Cooper and Jones, 2006). However, the threat posed by introduced viral pathogens has received much less attention (Vincent et al., 2014). This is so despite the considerable research activity aimed at understanding how emerging viruses spread in the opposite direction, i.e. from native plants to damage introduced cultivated plant species, especially in the tropics. Such studies normally involve investigation of new encounter scenarios at the agro-ecological interface (e.g. Alexander et al., 2014; Jones, 2009; Roossinck and Garcia-Arenal, 2015). Native plants do not grow as stands of genetically identical plants of the same species exhibiting uniform virus susceptibilities, but as mixed species communities exhibiting both withinand between-species diversity. Natural control measures which serve to decrease virus spread in undisturbed native plant communities, such as mixture with non-hosts, isolation, host resistance/tolerance and the presence of predators and parasites of their vectors, tend to be disrupted when such communities are disturbed,as occurs at the agro-ecological interface and in otherwise disturbed natural vegetation (e.g. Cooper and Jones, 2006; Jones 2009). Co-evolution of viruses with their plant hosts and vectors is thought to have been underway since plants first appeared (Fraile and Garcia-Arenal, 2010; Lovisolo et al., 2003). Thus, long before plants were first domesticated by former hunter gatherers when agriculture began 10 000–15 000 years ago, plants were co-evolving with native plants growing in different world regions. This co-evolutionary process moulded both viruses and native plants (e.g. Vincent et al., 2014). In undisturbed native plant *Correspondence: Email: roger.jones@uwa.edu.au bs_bs_banner

Optimizing a home garden is one way to create tenacity, which can be cultivated for plant diversity and is used in daily life as part of food or energy security, especially in urban areas. For example, in Jakarta, chiefly in the Lubang Buaya areas, at least October 2020 to November 2020 are needed to collect data in the field on the methods used to inventory, identify, and analyze plant species diversity in cultivated and used home garden systems. Hence, direct observation and in-depth individual interview methods are steps in data collection as well as in the field, where at least 10 families will become respondents in this research. The results of this research have identified some of the plant species in all of the dwellings’ home gardens—at least 50 plant species from 144 of the 10 dwellings' home gardens—and their use by local people in their daily lives. For example, which plant species (22.6%), plant species of spice species (8.4%), plant species of ornamental species (2.6%), and plant species of fruit species (14.3%) were used as medicinals by local people at least 32.1% more than the other plant species? The use of home gardens to meet the demands of a family currently has many needs. Because of the role and contribution of home gardens, which are advantageous in economic, social, and ecological aspects, they are also part of the goals of social resilience systems.

Ethnobotanical survey was conducted in 101 randomly selected home gardens of Phong My commune, central Vietnam, situated in the buffer-zone of Natural Reserve. Data were collected through semi-structured questionnaires and direct observation. Sixty-seven species belonging to 35 families were identified to be used for various purposes. For each species the botanical and vernacular names, plant parts used and main purposes of use are given. The major use categories reported for plant species were food (86%), medicine (32%) and firewood (32%), however, seventy-seven percent of all inventoried plants have multiple uses. The species Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam., Citrus grandis Osbeck, Citrusreticulata Blanco, Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. and Musa spp. were identified as the main sources of plant foods consumed within the households. Statistical analyses indicated by Shannon-Wiener and Margalef indices have shown that local species diversity and richness is affected by home garden size. On the contrary, no relationship between diversity and home garden age was found. On the basis of a cluster analysis of plant species diversity, five home garden types were differentiated. In comparison to previously reported studies on tropical home gardens, the diversity in Phong My is lower, probably due to market-oriented strategy. Nevertheless, based on the results achieved, we can conclude that useful plants cultivated in local home gardens provide valuable foods complementing daily diet and subsequently contributing to socioeconomic status of the households.

Abstract. Wulandari I, Husodo T, Mulyanto D, Abdoellah OS, Amalia CA, Farhaniah S. 2023. Supporting food security through urban home gardening, Rancasari Sub-district, Bandung City, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 5618-5625. Urban areas are closely related to the increase in human population, which triggers increased demand for land for settlements or housing. The increase in human population is in line with the increase in daily food requirements. As agricultural land decreases, agricultural productivity decreases, but much agricultural land has been converted into non-agricultural land, leading to food insecurity. Urban farming through home gardening is one of the methods to maintain food security amidst limited open land. This study aimed to reveal urban farming as a role model for food security through home gardens in the Rancasari Sub-district, Bandung City, West Java, Indonesia. This study used a quantitative approach. Data were collected using purposive sampling in housing &gt;20 years old in Manjahlega and Mekarjaya Village. Plants are divided based on their utilization, including ornamental, spice, medicine, and food plants. The results showed that 803 species and 20,366 individuals of 130 families were found in Manjahlega Village, while 680 species and 10,862 individuals were found in the Mekarjaya Village. In Manjahlega, mango (Mangifera indica L.) has the highest IVI value of 64.58, while in Mekarjaya, Chinese evergreen (Aglaonema commutatum Schott.) has the highest IVI value of 10.2. Based on their use, ornamental plants have the highest H and R values compared to food, medicines, and spice plants. Ornamental plants dominate home gardens in Rancasari Sub-district. Their home gardens tend to be aimed at providing aesthetic value and beauty rather than producing food, medicines, and spices in the household. Home gardening has not been fully effective in supporting urban farming in Rancasari Sub-district due to the selection of ornamental plants.

Plants have been a source of medicine in Ethiopia from time immemorial to treat different human and livestock ailments. The purpose of this study was to identify the medicinal plant species and associated indigenous knowledge in livestock treatment. A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess indigenous knowledge of local people on medicinal plants used for livestock treatment in five selected kebeles of kersa district from March to June 2014. A total of 40 traditional healers (33 male and 7 male) 7-9 from each study sites were selected purpouvely with the help of knowledgeable elders, local authorities and kebele leaders. Ethno botanical data regarding plant species, plant parts used, livestock disease treated, and method of preparation and route of administration were collected through structured interview and field observation. A total of 33 plant species distributed in 24 families were identified in the study area. The majority of the medicinal plants 63.63% were collected from the wild and 33.33% from home garden. The major growth habit of the medicinal plants identified in the study area were herbs 39.39%, followed by shrubs 33.33%.The most frequently harvested plant parts were leaves and roots with proportion of 57.7% and 21.21%, respectively followed by seeds (9.09%) and fruits (6.06%). Pounding and crushing were the most commonly used method of remedies preparation whereas the widely used method of administration is oral. The study reveals that the local people of the study area harvest medicinal plants used to treat livestock health problem from the wild habitat. Therefore, awaring the local people of the study area to conserve medicinal plants in their home garden is recommended.