Introductory Note: Invisibilities in and of Journalism

The advertisement call of Geocrinia victoriana is markedly diphasic and consists of one introcuctory note (rarely two or three), followed by a series of repeated notes of similar carrier frequency, but much shorter duration and higher pulse rate. In two-choice field discrimination experiments with the two phases of the advertisement call presented as alternative stimuli, reproductively ripe females were attracted only to the repeated notes and contacted the source of these signals (a loudspeaker). Field playback experiments were carried out on residential males, with a complete call, an introductory note, or a series of repeated notes being used as the stimulus, and intensity varied upwards in 10 dB increments. With the complete call or the introductory note as the stimulus, calling behaviour of subjects altered significantly from the pre-stimulatory pattern, with a great reduction in output of repeated notes, and an increase in duration and decrease in pulse rate of introductory notes. The threshold intensity (lowest level for a significant change in calling behaviour) with the introductory note as the stimulus, 90–99.9 dB peak sound pressure level (PSPL), was at least 10 dB lower than that with the complete call as the stimulus (110–125 dB, PSPL). Playback of repeated notes had little effect on calling behaviour until the intensity exceeded 120 dB, PSPL. Playback of all three classes of stimulus at constant intensities below and above the threshold for the complete call (i.e. 99–99.9, and 110–125 dB, PSPL) indicated that changes in calling behaviour were due to the intensity of stimulus rather than to a cumulative effect based on the number of stimuli. Measurements of intensities of advertisement calls of nearest neighbours in natural breeding assemblages (modal class=104–106 dB, PSPL) were consistent with the experimental results. It was thus demonstrated that in G. victoriana the two functions of the advertisement call are partitioned: the repeated notes attract breeding females (hence are equivalent to the mating call), and the introductory notes are directed at other males in a territorial context. The increase in duration of the introductory note is graded rather than discrete, so that this phase of the advertisement call changes progressively from the equivalent of a long-range (first-order) to a short-range (second-order) territorial call, then to an encounter call.

The advertisement calls of Geocrinia laevis are diphasic, and consist of a single introductory note, followed by a series of repeated notes; diphasy is based on differentiation in the temporal structure of the two phases. In a series of field playback tests used to investigate the functional significance of diphasy, calling males were presented with one of three types of acoustic stimulus: complete calls (introductory and repeated notes), introductory notes only, or repeated notes only. There were no marked differences in the effects of these stimuli, and all resulted in a reduction in the rates of production of introductory notes and of repeated notes. Playback at levels of 110 dB PSPL and above caused virtual cessation of calling. The results suggest that one of the functions of the advertisement call, the communication of territoriality between males, does not reside in either the introductory note or the repeated notes, so that diphasy in the advertisement call has no apparent functional basis in this context. Whether the attraction of reproductively ripe females is a particular function of either phase remains untested. The advertisement calls of G. laevis are much less diphasic than those of a closely related species, G. victoriana, for which there is a clear partitioning of the functions of communication of territoriality and the attraction of conspecific mates between the introductory notes and the repeated notes, respectively. Furthermore, the acoustic repertoire of G. laevis is less complex than that of G. victoriana in lacking a vocalisation which functions specifically in close-range aggressive encounters between males.

Red-winged blackbirds and brown-headed cowbirds were trained with operant conditioning techniques and food reinforcement to categorize complex song themes from both their own (conspecific) and from the other (alien) species’ vocal repertoire. Following training, songs were separated into initial and terminal portions and birds were retested for identification of the isolated song elements. Results revealed no species differences in identifying the ’’introductory note’’ portions of redwing and cowbird song; however, redwings were superior to cowbirds in identifying terminal redwing ’’trills,’’ while cowbirds were superior in identifying terminal cowbird ’’whistles.’’

Journal Article History of Labour in the United States. In two volumes. By John R. Commons, David J. Saposs, E. B. Mittelman, John B. Andrews, Helen L. Sumner, H. E. Hoagland, and Selig Perlman, with an Introductory Note by Henry W. Farnam. (New York: Macmillan Company. 1918. Pp. xxv, 623; xx, 620. $6.50.) Get access History of Labour in the United States. In two volumes. By Commons John R., Saposs David J., Mittelman E. B., Andrews John B., Sumner Helen L., Hoagland H. E., and Perlman Selig, with an Introductory Note by Farnam Henry W.. (New York: Macmillan Company. 1918. Pp. xxv, 623; xx, 620. $6.50.) M. B. Hammond M. B. Hammond Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The American Historical Review, Volume 24, Issue 4, July 1919, Pages 698–700, https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr/24.4.698 Published: 01 July 1919

In this introductory note, the case law of the EFTA Court in 2022 and the first half of 2023 is covered. The introductory note also serves as a brief introduction to European Economic Area (EEA) law and the EEA Agreement. During this period, the Court dealt with cases in the fields of competition and state aid, workers and social security, public procurement and taxation, in addition to interesting questions regarding the fundamentals of EEA law and the four freedoms. The most significant case of the period is the Court’s judgment in Telenor, whereas its continued case law on the Social Security Regulation and its judgment in the case of RS are also noteworthy. This introductory note provides a summary of these judgments and a few others, which together form the most significant judgments of the EFTA Court in the period covered.

Part I: Introduction 1. The decision makers and the decision process 2. Constraints and normative rules 3. Choice of instruments and requirements on the processor 4. Determinants of the objectives of control 5. Critical appraisals of the variants, and further searches Part II. Selected Essays Section 1. Bureaucracy and the Economy: Introductory note 1. Reversion to primitive democracy V. I. Lenin 2. On workers' management in economic enterprises J. B. Tito 3. Significance of workers' and social self-management J. B. Tito Section 2. Interplay between Socialization, Resource Shifts and the Economy's Laws: Introductory note 4. Remarks on economic questions J. V. Stalin 5. The role and significance of the N. E. P. I. Nagy 6. Some issues of political economy T. Nagy 7. Some theoretical issues of economic planning P. Erdos 8. On the subject of economics and economic laws E. Lipinski Section 3. Scope and Methods of Planning: Introductory note 9. National economic plans M. Bor 10. A 'model' of the socialist economy E. Lipinski 11. Theses concerning certain modifications of the economic model [Polish] Economic Council 12. Controversy on the role of the central plan W. Brus 13. The origins of the present contradictions in our economy and how to eliminate them F. Janossy Section IV. Interests, Incentives, Goals: Introductory note 14. Sources and role of interests in socialist society G. Glezerman 15. Problems of the identity of interests in socialist society A. Lantay 16. Some fundamental problems of improving the system of management of the socialist economy B. Kimenda and C. Kozusnik 17. Plan and market in the socialist economy K. Kouba Index.

Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological SocietyVolume 46, Issue 196 p. 440-441 Review Variation in Solar Radiation and the Weather. By Helm Clayton. Introductory Note by C. G. Abbot. Washington, D.C., Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Vol. 71, No. 3, 1920. Pp. vi + 53, Pls. 5 Harold Jeffereys, Harold JeffereysSearch for more papers by this author Harold Jeffereys, Harold JeffereysSearch for more papers by this author First published: October 1920 https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49704619609AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume46, Issue196October 1920Pages 440-441 RelatedInformation

1.South Indian Bronzes: a historical survey of South Indian sculpture, with iconographical notes based on original sources, by O. C. Gangoly. With an introductory note by J. G. Woodroffe. 4to; pp. xiii, 80, with 26 + 95 plates. Published by the Indian Society of Oriental Art, Calcutta, 1915. - 2.Memoirs of the Colombo Museum. Series A, No. 1: Bronzes From Ceylon, chiefly in the Colombo Museum, by Ananda K. Coomaraswamy, D.Sc. 4to; pp. 31, with 28 plates. Printed for the Colombo Museum, University Press, Oxford, 1914. - Volume 48 Issue 1

Although the Hermit Thrush (Catharus guttatus) exhibits distinctive morphological and genetic differences across its breeding range (Alvarado et al. 2014), comparatively little is known about geographic variation in song structure and whether song variation corresponds with those morphological and genetic differences. To address this, we collected recordings from throughout the species' breeding range and assessed frequency and temporal characteristics of song structure. Eastern and western birds differed dramatically with respect to song structure, most notably with respect to introductory note frequencies: eastern birds exhibited a larger range of introductory note frequencies than western birds. They also differed with respect to temporal characteristics: western birds sang longer introductory notes, but shorter post-introductory portions, than eastern birds. Numerous differences in structure were also detected within each lineage. For example, within the western lineage, introductory note frequencies were much higher in the Western Lowland group that occupies the Pacific coast compared to the inland Western Mountain group. There were also some differences seen within those groups; for example, in the western Canadian subspecies C. g. euborius recordings from high altitudes (>1900 m in the Canadian Rockies) were structurally distinct from those recorded at lower altitudes. Highlighting the distinctive geographic differences in song structure, a discriminant function analysis using song structure characteristics classified recordings into their geographic groups with 97.0% accuracy. This array of geographic song differences, taking place at multiple levels, suggests that Hermit Thrush song has been shaped by a variety of forces, ranging from large-scale geological events to factors such as habitat differences and cultural drift that operate on a smaller geographic scale (i.e. within subspecies).

An introductory note on the

Older Women: Global Concerns and Responses Toward Their Well-Being, Is a Serious Issue—An Introductory Note

I fmd it difficult to resist the temptation of first giving you a few brief personal impressions on this fascinating subject of the Northern Sea Route.

Em 4 de setembro de 1949, sem assinatura, Carlos Drummond de Andrade publica, no "Suplemento Literário Letras e Artes" do periódico A Manhã do Rio de Janeiro, o poema "Sonetilho", precedido de nota introdutória — esta também sem assinatura — onde o autor propõe um concurso para se descobrir o autor do poema. O intuito deste ensaio consiste em mensurar as implicações e o alcance do vínculo entre autor da nota, autor do poema e a ausência de assinatura nos dois casos no âmbito da produção jornalística e poética de Carlos Drummond de Andrade. Pretende-se, assim, avaliar a importância dessa atitude do cronista e do poeta ao longo de sua trajetória.

Journal Article Editors' introductory note Get access European Review of Economic History, Volume 12, Issue 2, August 2008, Page 137, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1361491608002177 Published: 01 August 2008

The theme of the special issue decolonizing evaluation: towards a fifth paradigm, an initiative of the International Evaluation academy (IEA), was inspired by the concerns that while evaluation reports largely tell stories of success, on the ground there is minimal change, communities remain impoverished, interventions cause harm to the environment and evaluation allow that to happen.