Introduction: ‘the less known, but equally romantic, regions of the north’

The late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries saw, in Romanticism, an explosion of cultural energy across Europe which linked up with the tumultuous political events of that period — the American War of Independence, the French Revolution and the Napoleonic wars — to give a sense of a world in turmoil. In the drama, fiction and poetry which emerged at this time, the constraints of the eighteenth century were challenged, stretched and sometimes snapped and thrown off, and this had its impact on the way that the dramatic and literary texts of the past were understood — and certainly on the way in which people responded to Shakespeare. Those elements of his work which seemed faults in the perspective of neoclassical criticism appealed much more to the Romantic imagination. This did not mean a wholesale rejection of eighteenth-century approaches, however: the emphasis on character which had emerged in the later eighteenth century was continued and developed as Shakespeare, and some of his protagonists, were reconstructed as proto-Romantic figures. A key text in this process was Characters of Shakespeare’s Plays (1817), a work of great vivacity and perception by the essayist, journalist and critic William Hazlitt.

Head wounds and cranial fractures were the only indications of trepanation for centuries. These injuries were more frequent during the war times, but the cranial lesions were similar to those of civil life or produced usually during work. In the Renaissance, firearms and artillery are introduced in the battlefield and war wounds changed. The number of soldiers involved in battles and war campaigns increased. In this time the first systems of medical attention to the soldiers on the part of the armies were organised. We describe the techniques and indications of cranial trepanation to the soldiers in the Napoleonic Wars at the beginning of the eighteenth century, related in the memories by the French surgeon DJ Larrey and the British surgeon GJ Guthrie, and of the American Civil War in the second half of the eighteenth century, compiled in the files of the General Surgeon of the United States, JK Barnes.

Previous article FreeNotes on ContributorsNotes on ContributorsPDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailQR Code SectionsMoreBrooke Abounader is a Ph.D. candidate at the Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology at the University of Toronto. She studies the role of representational inaccuracy in scientific modeling.Anna Akasoy, British Academy Postdoctoral Fellow at the Oriental Institute at Oxford, specializes in the intellectual and cultural history of the medieval Muslim West, contacts between the Islamic world and other cultures, and the role of Islamic history and culture in modern political debates in Western Europe.Garland E. Allen is Professor of Biology at Washington University in St. Louis. He has a special interest in the history of genetics (and eugenics), evolution, and embryology and their interactions in the first half of the twentieth century.Casper Andersen is an assistant professor at the University of Aarhus, Denmark. His main area of research is history of science, technology, and empires. His publications include the monograph British Engineers and Africa, 1875–1914 (2011), and he is coediting the forthcoming five-volume collection British Governance and Administration in Africa, 1880–1940 (2013).Warwick Anderson is Australian Research Council Laureate Fellow and Professor in the Department of History and the Centre for Values, Ethics, and the Law in Medicine at the University of Sydney. He is the author of The Collectors of Lost Souls: Turning Kuru Scientists into Whitemen (Johns Hopkins, 2008) and coeditor of Unconscious Dominions: Psychoanalysis, Colonial Trauma, and Postcolonial Sovereignties (Duke, 2011). His current research explores the global history of scientific investigations of race mixing in the twentieth century.Peder Anker is an associate professor at the Gallatin School of Individualized Study and in the Environmental Studies Program at New York University. His works include Imperial Ecology: Environmental Order in the British Empire, 1895–1945 (Harvard University Press, 2001), and From Bauhaus to Eco-House: A History of Ecological Design (Louisiana State University Press, 2010). See www.pederanker.com.Ross Bassett is Associate Professor of History at North Carolina State University. He is working on a history of Indians who studied at MIT.Jakob Bek-Thomsen has a postdoctoral position at the Department of Culture and Society, Aarhus University. He has recently finished his Ph.D. dissertation, entitled “Nicolaus Steno and the Making of an Early Modern Career: Nature, Knowledge, and Networks at the Court of the Medici, 1657–1672.” He is currently working on the emergence of finance and its connections with natural philosophy and religion in the early modern period.Jim Bennett is Director of the Museum of the History of Science in Oxford. His research interests lie in the history of instruments, of practical mathematics, and of astronomy.Marvin Bolt, Director of the Webster Institute at the Adler Planetarium in Chicago, is authoring the Adler's Optical Instruments catalogue. He served on the editorial team of the Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers, studies the Herschel family, and researches the history of the telescope, early seventeenth-century examples in particular.Christian Bonah is Professor for the History of Medical and Health Sciences at the University of Strasbourg and a member of the Institut Universitaire de France. He has worked on comparative history of medical education, the history of medicaments, and the history of human experimentation. Recent work includes research on risk perception and management in drug scandals as well as studies on medical films.Sonja Brentjes is currently a researcher in a “project of excellence” sponsored by the Junta of Andalusia at the Department of Philosophy, Logic, and History of Science of the University of Seville. She publishes on three major topics: Arabic and Persian versions of Euclid's Elements, the mathematical sciences at madrasas in Islamic societies before 1700, and cross-cultural exchange of knowledge in the medieval and early modern Mediterranean.Thomas Broman is Professor and Chair of the Department of History of Science at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. His research interests include eighteenth-century science and medicine, and he is currently writing a survey of science in the Enlightenment.Massimo Bucciantini is Professor of History of Science at the University of Siena. He is coeditor, with Michele Camerota, of Galilaeana: Journal of Galileo Studies. His publications include Galileo e Keplero (Einaudi, 2003; Les Belles Lettres, 2008), Italo Calvino e la scienza (Donzelli, 2007), and Auschwitz Experiment (Einaudi, 2011).Andrew J. Butrica, a former Chercheur Associé at the Centre de Recherches en Histoire des Sciences et Techniques in Paris, has published extensively on space history and has earned the Leopold Prize of the Organization of American Historians and the Robinson Prize of the National Council on Public History.Stefano Caroti is a professor in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Parma. His research interests include late medieval philosophy, particularly late scholastic debates on natural philosophy at the University of Paris.Chu Pingyi is a Research Fellow at the Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica, Taiwan. He has published widely on appropriations of Jesuit science and natural philosophy by their Chinese readers in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century China.J. T. H. Connor is John Clinch Professor of Medical Humanities and History of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, Newfoundland, Canada. He is currently coeditor of the McGill-Queen's University Press History of Health, Medicine, and Society series. His latest book, a collection of essays coedited with Stephan Curtis entitled Medicine in the Remote and Rural North, 1800–2000, was published in 2011 by Pickering & Chatto in the Studies for the Society for the Social History of Medicine series.Scott DeGregorio is Associate Professor of English Literature at the University of Michigan–Dearborn. He specializes in Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Latin literature, with a special focus on the Bible and its interpretation. He has published widely on the writings of Bede, most recently editing The Cambridge Companion to Bede.Michael Dettelbach has published widely on Alexander von Humboldt and is generally interested in science and culture in the revolutionary and Romantic eras. He directs Corporate and Foundation Relations at Boston University.Nadja Durbach is Associate Professor of History at the University of Utah. She is the author of Bodily Matters: The Anti-Vaccination Movement in England and Spectacle of Deformity: Freak Shows and Modern British Culture. She is now working on a book about beef, citizenship, and identity in modern Britain.David Edgerton is the Hans Rausing Professor, Centre for the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine, Imperial College London. His most recent book is Britain's War Machine: Weapons, Resources, and Experts in the Second World War (London: Allen Lane, 2011; New York: Oxford University Press, 2011).Paula Findlen is Ubaldo Pierotti Professor of Italian History at Stanford University. Her publications include Possessing Nature: Museums, Collecting, and Scientific Culture in Early Modern Italy (California, 1994), and she has a long-standing interest in the relations between knowledge and faith in the age of Galileo.Maurice A. Finocchiaro is Distinguished Professor of Philosophy, Emeritus, at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. His latest books are The Essential Galileo (Hackett, 2008) and Defending Copernicus and Galileo: Critical Reasoning in the Two Affairs (Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, 280) (Springer, 2010). He is now working on the Routledge Guidebook to Galileo's Dialogue.Mike Fortun is an associate professor in the Department of Science and Technology Studies at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and the author of Promising Genomics: Iceland and deCODE Genetics in a World of Speculation (University of California Press, 2008).Stephen Gaukroger is Professor of History of Philosophy and History of Science at the University of Sydney and Professor of Philosophy at the University of Aberdeen. Among his recent publications are The Emergence of a Scientific Culture: Science and the Shaping of Modernity, 1210 to 1685 (Oxford University Press, 2005), and The Collapse of Mechanism and the Rise of Sensibility: Science and the Shaping of Modernity, 1680 to 1760 (Oxford University Press, 2010). He is now at work on the third volume in this series: The Naturalization of the Human and the Humanization of Nature: Science and the Shaping of Modernity, 1750 to 1825.Thomas F. Glick is Professor of History at Boston University. His two research fields are medieval technology (irrigation systems, water mills) and modern science (Darwin, Freud, and Einstein).Susana Gómez is Professor of History and Philosophy of Science at the Universidad Complutense de Madrid. She is a specialist in seventeenth-century Italian science, with particular interests in atomism and experimental science. Much of her current work concerns issues about the representation of nature in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.Frederick Gregory is Emeritus Professor of History of Science at the University of Florida. His research has dealt with the history of science and religion and with German science in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. He is currently engaged in writing a biography of the nineteenth-century Moravian physicist-philosopher Jakob Friedrich Fries.David E. Hahm is Professor Emeritus of Greek and Latin at the Ohio State University. He is the author of The Origins of Stoic Cosmology and articles on Greek and Roman intellectual and cultural history, especially Hellenistic philosophy and historiography.Minghui Hu served as an Andrew Mellon Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of Chicago from 2003 to 2005. He joined the Department of History at the University of California, Santa Cruz, in 2005 and is now completing his book manuscript Cosmopolitan Confucians: The Passage to Modern Chinese Thought.Jeffrey Allan Johnson, Professor of History at Villanova University, has published mainly on the social and institutional history of chemical science and technology in modern Germany. Recently he was guest editor for Ambix, 2011, 58(2), a special issue on “Chemistry in the Aftermath of World Wars.”Jessica Keating is a Solmsen Fellow in the Institute for Research in the Humanities at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. She is writing a book entitled The Machinations of German Court Culture: Early Modern Automata.Peter C. Kjærgaard is Professor of Evolutionary Studies at Aarhus University. He has published widely in the history of modern science, including books on Wittgenstein and the sciences, the history of universities, and the history of science in Denmark. His current research focuses on the history and popular understanding of human evolution.David Knight has taught history of science at Durham University in England since 1964 and is a past President of the British Society for the History of Science. He published The Making of Modern Science in 2009 (Polity) and is writing a book on the Scientific Revolution.Bernard Lightman is Professor of Humanities at York University, where he is Director of the Institute for Science and Technology Studies. He is also the Editor of the History of Science Society's flagship journal, Isis. His most recent publications include Victorian Popularizers of Science, Evolutionary Naturalism in Victorian Britain, and Science in the Marketplace (coedited with Aileen Fyfe). He is also general editor of a monograph series titled “Science and Culture in the Nineteenth Century” published by Pickering & Chatto. He is currently working on a biography of John Tyndall and is one of the editors of the John Tyndall Correspondence Project, an international collaborative effort to obtain, digitalize, transcribe, and publish all surviving letters to and from Tyndall.Pamela O. Long is a historian of late medieval/early modern history of science and technology. She is the coeditor and coauthor of The Book of Michael of Rhodes: A Fifteenth-Century Maritime Manuscript (MIT Press, 2009). Her books include Artisan/Practitioners and the Rise of the New Sciences, 1400–1600 (Oregon State University Press, 2011). She is at work on a history of engineering and knowledge in late sixteenth-century Rome.Morris Low is an associate professor of Japanese history at the University of Queensland, where he is Acting Head of the School of Languages and Comparative Cultural Studies. He coedited a special issue of Historia Scientiarum (2011, 21[1]), and his recent books include Japan on Display (2006).Christine MacLeod is Professor Emerita of History at the University of Bristol. She is the author of Heroes of Invention: Technology, Liberalism, and British Identity, 1750–1914 (Cambridge University Press, 2007), and Inventing the Industrial Revolution: The English Patent System, 1660–1800 (Cambridge University Press, 1988).Paolo Mancosu is Professor and Chair of Philosophy at the University of California, Berkeley. His main areas of interest are mathematical logic and history and philosophy of mathematics and logic. His current work is focused on the philosophy of mathematical practice. He has been a Guggenheim Fellow (2008) and a member of the Institute for Advanced Study (2009).Hannah Marcus is a doctoral student studying history and the history of science at Stanford University. She is interested in the relationship between intellectual and religious culture in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Italy.David Meskill is an assistant professor of history at Dowling College on Long Island. His book Optimizing the German Workforce: Labor Administration from Bismarck to the Economic Miracle was published by Berghahn Books in 2010.John Pickstone is Wellcome Research Professor in the University of Manchester Centre for the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine. His publications include Ways of Knowing: A New History of Science, Technology, and Medicine (Manchester University Press, 2000) and The Modern Biological and Earth Sciences, Volume 6 of the Cambridge History of Science (edited with Peter Bowler) (Cambridge University Press, 2009).Matthias Rieger is a postdoctoral research fellow in the Department of Sociology, Leibniz University, Hannover, and the author of Helmholtz Musicus: Die Objektivierung der Musik im 19. Jahrhundert durch Helmholtz' Lehre von den Tonempfindungen (Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2006).Joy Rohde is Assistant Professor of History at Trinity University in San Antonio. Her research focuses on Cold War social science and politics. She is completing a book, under contract with Cornell University Press, titled The Social Scientists' War: Knowledge, Statecraft, and Democracy in the Era of Containment.William G. Rothstein is Professor of Sociology in the Department of Sociology and Anthropology at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County. He is the author of several books on American medical history, most recently Public Health and the Risk Factor (2003).Lisa T. Sarasohn is Professor of History at Oregon State University. Her latest publication is The Natural Philosophy of Margaret Cavendish: Reason and Fancy during the Scientific Revolution (Johns Hopkins, 2010). She is working on a cultural history of insects in early modern England.Arne Schirrmacher teaches history of science at the Humboldt University in Berlin and is currently on leave at the University of California, Berkeley. His research concerns the history of the modern mathematical sciences, in particular quantum theory, the history of scientific socialization within student groups in Germany since 1850, and science communication in twentieth-century Europe.Petra G. Schmidl specialized in premodern astronomy in Islamic societies. Since 2009, she has worked as a research assistant at the University of Bonn. With Eva Orthmann and Mo˙hammad Karīmī Zanjānī A˙sl, she is investigating the Dustūr al-Munajjimīn as a source for the history of the Ismāʿīliyya and their astronomical and astrological concepts.Charlotte Schubert is Professor of Ancient History at the University of Leipzig. Her publications include Anacharsis der Weise: Nomade, Skythe, Grieche (2010), Der hippokratische Eid (2005), Hippokrates (coedited, 2006), and Frauenmedizin in der Antike (coedited, 1999).Vera Schwach is a historian and senior researcher at the Nordic Institute for Studies in Innovation, Research, and Higher Education (NIFU). She has published analyses in science policy and has written extensively on the history of marine science, especially on fisheries biology and the management of sea fisheries in the Nordic countries and in Europe.Jonathan Seitz is an assistant teaching professor of history at Drexel University. He is particularly interested in vernacular ideas about nature and the supernatural in early modern Europe. His book, Witchcraft and Inquisition in Early Modern Venice, was published in 2011 by Cambridge University Press.Helaine Selin is Science Librarian and Faculty Associate in the School of Natural Sciences at Hampshire College. Her work includes editing The Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures (Springer, 2008) and the series Science Across Cultures. Happiness Across Cultures is due out in Spring 2012.Efram Sera-Shriar received his Ph.D. in history and philosophy of science from the University of Leeds. He is now working as a research associate on the John Tyndall Correspondence Project, organized by Montana State University and York University in Toronto.Asif A. Siddiqi is an associate professor of history at Fordham University. His most recent book is The Red Rockets' Glare: Spaceflight and the Soviet Imagination, 1857–1957 (Cambridge University Press, 2010). He is now writing a book on the effects of the Stalinist purges on Soviet science and technology.Mark G. Spencer is Associate Professor of History at Brock University. His book, David Hume and Eighteenth-Century America (University of Rochester Press, 2005), was issued in a paperback edition in 2010. He is also current President of the Eighteenth-Century Scottish Studies Society.Matthew Stanley is an associate professor at New York University's Gallatin School of Individualized Study, where he teaches and researches the history and philosophy of science. He is the author of Practical Mystic: Religion, Science, and A. S. Eddington (Chicago, 2007), and he is now completing a manuscript on the history of science and religion in the Victorian period.John Steele is Associate Professor of Egyptology and Ancient Western Asian Studies at Brown University. His recent publications include A Brief Introduction to Astronomy in the Middle East (Saqi Books, 2008) and Ancient Astronomical Observations and the Study of the Moon's Motion (1691–1757) (Springer, 2012). He is currently working on an edition and commentary of a newly discovered astrological compendium from Babylon.Larry Stewart is Professor of History at the University of Saskatchewan. He is editing a book on the uses of humans in experiment and writing a study of experiment in the Enlightenment and the first industrial revolution.Bert Theunissen is Professor of the History of Science at the Institute for History and Foundations of Science, affiliated with the Descartes Centre for the History of the Sciences and the Humanities at Utrecht University, the Netherlands. His current work focuses on the history of animal breeding, particularly on the interactions between scientific and practical workers in livestock breeding in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. For his publications see http://www.descartescentre.com.Carsten Timmermann is a lecturer at the Centre for the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine at the University of Manchester. His research and teaching focus on issues in the history of modern medicine and biology, including chronic disease, cancer research, and pharmaceuticals.The Rev. Jeffrey P. von Arx, S.J., became the eighth President of Fairfield University in 2004. A historian by discipline, he is the author of numerous articles as well as the books Progress and Pessimism: Religion, Politics, and History in Late Nineteenth-Century Britain (Harvard University Press, 1985) and Varieties of Ultramontanism (Catholic University Press, 1998). He is a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society.Michael Worboys is Director of the Centre for the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine and the Wellcome Unit for the History of Medicine at the University of Manchester. He specializes in the history of infectious diseases as well as the application of research in clinical practices. He has recently started new work on dog breeding, feeding, training, and welfare from the mid-nineteenth century to the present. His publications include Mad Dogs and Englishmen: Rabies in Britain, 1830–2000 (with Neil Pemberton), and Spreading Germs: Disease Theories and Medical Practice in Britain, 1865–1900. Previous article DetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Isis Volume 103, Number 2June 2012 Publication of the History of Science Society Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/666369 © 2012 by The History of Science Society. All rights reserved.PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

BOOK REVIEWS 107 regarding details of military history, including a reference to the Treaty of Westphalia in 1711 (x6), rather than 1648, and a reference to the non­ existent siege of Moscow during the Napoleonic Wars (188). Although these errors have little significance for Favret’s overall argument, they could be seen to limit the book’s potentially wide appeal to literary, cul­ tural and military historians. Nonetheless, this is a brilliant and sophisticated book. It offers a wonder­ fully comprehensive and innovative study that builds not only upon Favret’s own formative work on Romanticism and war, but also master­ fully condenses and reorients the growing body of work in the field that has appeared over the last fifteen years. The study offers a new direction in debates over the portrayal of suffering in Romantic era war literature by opening this into a broader concern with the forms of “subjective” feelings associated with responses to war (18). So, too, the study establishes reveal­ ing connections between the Romantic era and recent work on both our contemporary response to mediatized war and the cosmopolitan thought of Jacques Derrida and Judith Butler. Perhaps the most exciting dimension, however, concerns Favret’s assertion that war is coming to displace revolu­ tion as a master theme of the Romantic era. In part echoing Reinhart Koselleck’s work on the “warlike heart ofrevolution” (38), her book helps to reorient Romantic criticism away from the abstract political discourses and ideological struggles of the French Revolution and its British counter­ revolution, to a concern with the brutality of revolutionary violence, im­ perial expansion, and national militarization. Neil Ramsey University of Western Sydney, Australia Diane Long Hoeveler. Gothic Riffs: Secularizing the Uncanny in the European Imaginary, 1780—1820. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2010. Pp. xx+289. $57.95. This book marks an important stage in the necessary work of examining how the outpouring of gothic texts contributed to the process of secular­ ization over the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Grounding its analyses in Charles Taylor’s A Secular Age, it brings a welcome new rigor to longstanding debates regarding the role of the gothic in mediating the anx­ ieties that arose in an era of cultural, political, and religious transition. Drawing on novels, popular plays, operas, ballads, fairy tales, and chap­ books produced in a network of mutual influences and adaptations across Britain, France, Italy, and the German-speaking territories, Gothic Riffs SiR, 51 (Spring 2012) 108 BOOK REVIEWS forcefully expands the literary and cultural reach of the gothic. The book makes a difference in several registers at once: it brings a strong rethinking ofsecularization to bear on the gothic while giving that new angle ofattack a vast space in which to work. As a result, it uniquely intervenes into how we understand the cultural transition operating in the period and thus makes a contribution that scholars in the relevant fields would do well to reckon with. Hoeveler follows Taylor by defining secularization not so much as the subtraction ofreligion from public space or the diminution of religious be­ liefs and practices but as a change in the largely invisible background of or­ dinary understanding. According to Taylor, the crucial shift toward a soci­ ety in which people could choose to value “human flourishing” without reference to transcendence took place over the eighteenth century, under the sway of “Providential Deism” that transformed a “porous” into a “buf­ fered” self, and was fostered by new cultural practices that shaped everyday experience. In a crucial contribution to this account, Hoeveler argues that this transition engendered what she calls “ambivalent secularization” char­ acterized by a “growing confusion that existed between the realms of rea­ son and faith” and an “uneasy coexistence of the immanent and the tran­ scendent” (5-6). “My argument,” she writes, “is that the gothic needs to be understood, not as a reaction against the rise ofsecularism, but as part of the ambivalent secularizing process itself” (6). By conceiving of the gothic in this way, she argues, one can also understand “the highly repetitive qual­ ity of the gothic,” what she calls its “riffs”: gothic cultural modes are “al­ most ritualistic in the ways they...

This article examines the exodus down the Rhine in 1816 and 1817 of tens of thousands of German migrants, who attempted to reach the United States after the Napoleonic Wars. It establishes the episode as an important link between the mass-migration periods of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, which saw more Germans land in North America than any other European group. The article focuses on the active commercial, logistical, social, and religious networks, produced in the eighteenth century, which made the exodus possible, and how it in turn changed future migration patterns. This integrates the exodus into an evolving German Atlantic movement, where previous historiography has treated it as an isolated episode, produced by extraordinary post-war conditions.

The Transformation of British Naval Strategy: Seapower and Supply in Northern Europe, 1808-1812, by James Davey. Forum Navale Book Series. Woodbridge and Rochester, The Boydell Press, 2012. ix, 237 pp. $99.00 US (cloth). Operations in the Baltic region have traditionally been ignored by historians despite its substantial contribution to naval supremacy during the Napoleonic Wars. The preponderance of written material on the maritime component of the war focuses principally on campaigns in the Mediterranean, the West Indies, and North America. Davey convincingly establishes that there has been a distinct lack in academic works which address the Baltic, in spite of the absolute significance of the region during the war. His seminal work compels readers to recognize the importance of the sweeping strategic and supply network changes during a transitional period in the Royal Navy, many of which originated in the Baltic. The book's historiography begins in the eighteenth century when a ship's time at sea was directly linked to the quantity of victuals stored on board. Ships were repeatedly forced back into port to replenish provisions, oftentimes while they were on critical operational duties. Davey maintains that limitations on provisioning directly impacted British naval strategy, particularly in areas where fresh victuals were difficult to acquire with any regularity, such as the Baltic. The author then turns his attention to the early nineteenth century, a time when the Royal Navy had begun the transition from ships regularly returning to port, to ships continually remaining at sea due to improvements in logistical networks. The transition was not necessarily an organic occurrence; instead, it resulted from years of bitter warfare between the two major European powers, Britain and France. Due to the longevity of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, both countries were compelled to streamline their outmoded traditions to make way for enhanced military efficiency. Improving British naval operations involved promoting and advancing changes to battle tactics, port blockading, and organizing convoys. While Davey remarks in his first two chapters that these particular improvements upgraded British maritime objectives, he also emphasizes naval limitations still existed, particularly with regards to the effectiveness in keeping the fleet continuously at sea. He argues that issues limiting a ship's time at sea emanated from the inefficiency in victualling ships afloat. His examination of naval victualling stems from his exhaustive doctoral research. He is therefore able to competently describe the extensive provisioning system under the direction of the navy's Victualling Board. According to his findings, strategic and logistical issues resulted not from the shortage of food, but rather from the navy's inability to efficiently distribute provisions. During the Napoleonic Wars, advancements in distribution meant that ships could remain afloat for longer periods, eventually eliminating the need for them to return to port for resupplying altogether. …

A short history of Nordic legal history Legal history is a well-established discipline in all five Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden). The “father of Swedish legal science”, Johan Olofsson Stiernhöök (1596-1675), is often mentioned as the first Nordic legal author with an interest in legal history. Seventeenth – and eighteenth – century legal history was, following Lars Björne’s expression, largely patriotic, whereas source criticism was valued less. This patriotism resulted mostly in the attempt to portray national legal history as something unique, with some commentators finding “Swedish” legislators in the ancient Greek literature. In the eighteenth century, historical sources began to be approached more critically. Swedish legal scholars such as David Nehrman (1695-1769), Olof Rabenius (1730-1772) and Anders Schönberg (1737-1811), as well as the Danes Christian Ditlev Hedegaard (1700-1781) and Peder Kofod Ancher (1710-1788), all discussed historical themes alongside their dogmatic works1. As elsewhere in nineteenth-century Europe, legal history as a separate branch of legal studies started to develop in the Nordic countries in the vein of the Historical School of Jurisprudence. The Dane Paul Detlef Christian Paulsen (1798-1854) wished to establish what he called “Nordic legal history” (ius scandinavicum), and the “Grundrids af den danske Lovhistorie” (Introduction to the Danish Legal History) by Janus Lauritz Andreas Kolderup-Rosenvinge (1792-

book reviews477 century Ireland.We are fortunate in having Patrick Fagan's edition. His footnotes provide valuable biographical information on the correspondents as well as cross references to related documents in the collection. Moreover, he includes a very comprehensive index at the end ofVolume II. Thomas F. Moriarty Elms College Chicopee, Massachusetts The Diocese of Killaloe. Volume I: In the Eighteenth Century; Volume II: 1800-1850; Volume III: 1850-1904. By Ignatius Murphy. (Dublin: Four Courts Press. 1991, 1992, 1995.Pp. 373,488, 527.) These three volumes by Ignatius Murphy on the history ofthe Diocese ofKiIlaloe in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries are not only a very significant contribution to knowledge, but they will long remain a rich resource for all who will venture to research and write about the modern Irish Church. The Diocese of Killaloe (pronounced likeWaterloo) extends in a broad band across the middle ofIreland from the Atlantic coast eastwards to include virtually all of County Clare, the northern third ofTipperary, and a large part of King's County. In the eighteenth century, Killaloe was one of the twenty-six dioceses that constituted the Irish Church, and while it was one ofthe largest in terms ofarea and population, it was among the poorest in regard to wealth and resources. The diocese was mainly rural, containing a considerable amount of mountain and bog and only a half-dozen towns of any importance, ff Killaloe was representative of anything, therefore, in the Irish Church in the eighteenth century, it was its poverty.This continued to be the case for the greater part of the nineteenth century, and especially in the western reaches of the dioceses.These three volumes , then, are a true witness not only to the courage but to the endurance of the Catholics of Killaloe between 1700 and 1900. The recent and untimely death of the author of these volumes at the age of fifty-five in 1993 was both a sad and a serious loss for Irish historical scholarship .When Monsignor Murphy initially conceived his history of the Diocese of Killaloe, he structured it in terms of two volumes—one on the eighteenth century and the other on the nineteenth century, and he published his first volume in late 1991.The enormous amount of material available for the volume on the nineteenth century, however, had resulted in a manuscript of twenty-five chapters , compared to the ten that had comprised his very substantial first volume. Monsignor Murphy then decided to divide his manuscript into two volumes, breaking his narrative at 1850, and in late 1992 he published his second volume , 1800-1850, which consisted of the first eleven of these twenty-five chapters . By that time, however, he had learned that he was seriously ill, and set to work to prepare his third volume, 1850-1904, for publication. He proposed to revise the remaining fourteen chapters, and then write a concluding chapter 478book reviews that would serve to sum the significance ofhis work on the nineteenth century. He was only able, unfortunately, to revise the first two chapters before his death, and never wrote the concluding chapter.The diocesan publication committee , which had been formed to see the third volume through the press, wisely decided, in consultation with Monsignor Murphy before his death, to publish the fourteen chapters as they then stood, and the third volume was finally published in 1995. The first of these volumes, on the eighteenth century, is undoubtedly Monsignor Murphy's masterpiece. It is in terms ofits conceptual framework and the great learning that informs it, a model of what an artful and thoughtful historical presentation ought to be. After a graceful prologue, which sets the scene, Monsignor Murphy opens his eighteenth century in 1697 with the passing of the first ofthe penal laws affecting the Church in the banishing of all those secular clergy, bishops, deans, and vicars general, exercising ecclesiastical jurisdiction in Ireland and all the regular clergy without exception, and closes it in 1815 with the end of the Napoleonic wars. During that extended eighteenth century,the Irish Church, and its microcosm in the Diocese ofKillaloe, emerged from the darkness of a severe persecution into the light of a...

Community and individual considerations in legislation and test policy regarding HIV-infection in the Nordic countries--a cross national comparative study.

Discussion about military modernisation and revolution and total warfare in the period 1775–1815 focuses on land conflict in Europe, and generally ignores or underrates the importance of naval deve...

Reviewed by: Enterprising Empires: Russia and Britain in Eighteenth-Century Eurasia by Matthew P. Romaniello Eugene Miakinkov Matthew P. Romaniello, Enterprising Empires: Russia and Britain in Eighteenth-Century Eurasia (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2019). Pp. 304; 7 b/w illus., 3 maps, 7 tables. $99.99 cloth. Enterprising Empires: Russia and Britain in Eighteenth-Century Eurasia by Matthew P. Romaniello convincingly challenges the traditional narratives of eighteenth-century Russian economic backwardness, showing that the Russian economy and its trading strategy was as sophisticated and successful as other European states. In the process, this revisionist book makes a significant contribution to our understanding of both the activities of the British Russia Company and the British attempts to break into the Eurasian markets, and, to a lesser extent, the calculus of Russian commerce and trade in the eighteenth century. The interdisciplinarity of this work is commendable: it stands at the intersection of economic history, transnational history, imperial history, and the history of information. It is also exceptionally readable, thanks to the methodological focus on qualitative evidence, which anchors the skillful deployment of lived history through various episodes and characters that move the analysis forward. Along the way, we meet vivid characters including the disaster that was John Elton; the suave Charles Whitworth; Claudius Rondeau; James and Katherine Harris; John Hobart; the [End Page 306] enterprising Peter Dobell; and the merchant family Shairp. In this emphasis on individuals rather than governments, the author follows the approach of the late Arcadius Kahan. The book is organized chronologically. Chapter 1 sets out the seventeenth-century background to Russia's emergence as a dominant supplier of raw materials for England and to the challenges that this new economic position brought to British diplomats and merchants. Chapter 2 covers the period of Peter I's reign. The first decades of the eighteenth century were spent by the British merchants and diplomats trying to secure from Russia a privileged trading treaty with a guarantee of lower customs duties for the British subjects than for other European states. They encountered little success in these negotiations, as there was not much that the British could offer to the young empire, while the Russian raw materials were still in great demand, due to Royal Navy's voracious appetite for pitch, hemp, and tar. It was at this time that the balance of trade began to turn in Russia's favor. Chapter 3 covers the middle decades of the century, including the Seven Years' War. It was a time when the Russian Empire took firmer control of its economy and trade, and as the author writes, was "far more developed than the British had recognized" (108). During this time, Russia moved adroitly to negotiate new contracts with China and Iran. Chapter 4 focuses on the long reign of Catherine II, describing the endless jockeying of French, Dutch, and British diplomats in this period for favorable trade contracts with the Russian empire. This chapter's account on the experiences of a Scottish merchant family engaged in this pursuit clarifies the book's larger argument that personal relationships and interactions carried more weight than international agreements and institutions in the daily lives of members of the merchant community. In this period, the Russian Empire also successfully expanded its trade in the Pacific and in Asia, at the expense of the British, and made advances in regulating its Baltic and Black Sea trade. Chapter 5 extends the previous chapters' focus on British-Russian trade negotiations and practices, discussing the significant challenge posed during the Napoleonic Wars by the United States to British trade interests. However, Chapter 6, the final chapter, shifts our attention quite abruptly from trade between Russia and Britain to trade between Russia and the United States and trade in the Pacific. This chapter is especially insightful, both in its assessment of the operations and struggles of the Russian American Company as it tried to enter new markets in the Pacific and its argument that it a later stage of these struggles would cause the 1867 sale of Alaska. In the Afterword, the author considers the end of the favorable balance of trade that eighteenth-century Russia had enjoyed with Britain. With the...

No doubt about it, Russia is a challenge. When observed from the West, there is an economic and political incompatibility about the place that spells fascination. Sometimes, this fascination turns into outright fear. We know about the immediate historical causes for this— the pangs of transition from communism to something else, communism itself being the nineteenth-century experience of keeping the ancien régime that other European powers discarded one by one. These experiences certainly account for the incompatibility. They do, nonetheless, raise a further question that has to do with our understanding of the roots of that incompatibility. It makes a difference whether the Russian empire was accepted into the European order on a par with other entities, only to slip away after the Napoleonic Wars, or whether Russia was really always different. In this chapter, I will try to answer this question by surveying Russia’s standing in Europe before the Napoleonic Wars. The story to be told is, first, one of how Russia made its presence felt in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, but not in a degree strong enough to be a presence as the modern European system of states congealed into place. Secondly, it is the story of how Peter the Great established Russia as a power in the North, and how, during the eighteenth century, Russia was gradually accepted as a great power. In the extant literature, there is no consensus about when Russia actually became a great power.KeywordsEighteenth CenturyInternational RelationGreat PowerInternational RelationGlobal PoliticsThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

The paper provides a comparative history of the economic impact of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. By focusing on the relative price evidence, it is possible to show that the conflict had major economic effects around the world. Britain’s control of the seas meant that it was much less affected than other belligerent nations, such as France and the United States. The fact that this conflict had such large price effects around the world suggests a highly inter-connected international economy, but is also consistent with the hypothesis that mercantilist conflicts prevented the emergence of more pronounced commodity market integration during the eighteenth century. The war had several longer-run effects which both helped and hindered the integration of international commodity markets during the nineteenth century.

Dead Men Telling Tales is a clever and ironic title for a book that examines how Napoleonic-era veterans (those who survived the war) wrote memoirs that strove to be legitimate histories and not just personal tales. Matilda Greig has assembled an impressive corpus of up to three hundred autobiographical texts from the Peninsular War (1808–14), in which Spanish guerrillas successfully repelled French invaders with the aid of British forces, dealing a decisive blow to Napoleon’s imperial ambitions. Her sources include French and British memoirs as well as lesser-known Spanish ones and a smattering of Portuguese works published throughout the nineteenth century. These provide an original and comparative angle on a familiar topic. By also integrating archival research on the publication of these books, Grieg is able to address broader questions about war memoirs as a genre and war veterans as their enterprising authors.Like others before her, Greig notes the unprecedented outpouring of autobiographical writings among veterans of the Napoleonic wars; unlike others, she is less interested in their reasons for writing than in the outcome, and in particular the material conditions in which war memoires were produced. Her central argument is that, for the first time, the experience of war was commodified and successfully sold to a large audience. This, she suggests, made war memoirs into a genre and turned soldiers into legitimate authors. To support these claims, Greig turns to book history and what she nicely calls “the secret lives of books”—all that had to happen behind the scenes for these texts to find their publishers and a growing readership. For sell they would, as publishers soon came to understand, enticing veterans to write and to take an active role in the production and marketing of their memoirs. What some disparagingly dubbed a bout of “scribblomania” developed, over the course of the century, into a vast repertoire of autobiographical writings with solid print runs, changing formats, new and enriched editions, imitations and parodies, and more or less successful spin-offs in travel and history writing (among other genres). The lives of these books lasted well beyond their authors’ deaths, implicating widows and descendants interested in keeping memories and royalties flowing. Whether these developments actually amount to the forging of a literary genre—and, moreover, one that “made a deep impression on nineteenth-century culture, memory, and literature, shaping the way multiple generations of readers imagined war” (3)—is something that this particular book cannot fully answer. To do so would have required more analysis of reader reception and, especially, of the formal qualities of these and subsequent writings. Greig is quite justified in not wanting to examine these sources purely for their factual content (as soldiers’ writings often are); but in failing to look closely at the texts themselves she glosses over significant differences between, for instance, letters, diaries, and memoirs drafted at various moments during and after the facts. If a genre’s form has a content, so does its content have a form.Dead Men Telling Tales is most convincing when studying Spanish war memoirs alongside better-known French and British ones. This is a significant contribution to the literature on Napoleonic-era memory. Greig shows how these autobiographical manifiestos developed a style of their own, influenced by petition-like juridical models handed down from the eighteenth century but equally polemical and argumentative in their postwar intent. Most were written in the immediate aftermath of the conflict and had to navigate a rapidly evolving political landscape and censorship laws. Little wonder, therefore, that Spanish veterans—whether aristocrats or guerrilleros—sought to frame the historical events they had taken part in, if necessary engaging in historiographical debates with accredited historians and official institutions. Here we see most clearly how veterans became true authors and not just war witnesses. Greig’s comparative analysis is often tentative, but the transnational approach does yield some important findings, not least a common willingness among veterans to document, for the first time, war’s more gruesome aspects and confront their participation in scenes such as those depicted in Goya’s celebrated Disasters of War. Some memoirs—French and British ones especially—circulated across borders, often in unofficial translations and publications that proliferated freely before the advent of international copyright legislation. Paradoxically, this circulation tended to solidify nationalist frames and different ways of interpreting, even naming the conflict: Peninsular War, Guerre d’Espagne, Guerra de la Independencia. Each had its particular narratives and stereotypes: lazy or savage Spaniards, evil French, perfidious Brits, a heroic “people’s war.” Greig reminds us that if the Napoleonic wars gave birth to what George Mosse famously called the “myth of the war experience,” this myth came in various shapes, sizes, and fonts. Specialists on this pivotal moment in the history of total and asymmetric warfare, and on veterans’ writings in general, will find Greig’s analysis of these texts very stimulating.

Anders Engberg-Pedersen, Empire of Chance: Napoleonic Wars and the Disorder of Things. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 2015. 336 pp.Empire of Chance investigates the codependence of the transformation of chance into an organizational of modern reality and the cultural predominance of war in European cultural memory. Engberg-Pedersen opts to demonstrate that the state of war-an epistemological mode whose origins he locates in the Napoleonic and Revolutionary Wars-has become emblematic of the modern perception of the world. cipher of war, he argues, has had far-reaching ramifications, which can be scrutinized in literary texts negotiating this epistemic transition. To Engberg-Pedersen, fills two roles in the kind of discourse analysis that he proposes: first, literature as a medium plays a privileged role because it conjures a dynamic empirical field (246). Aesthetic choices, such as replacing the traditional sequence of narrative with an unpredictable set of events, evince a new perception of reality. Thus, in his reading of Tristram Shandy, Engberg-Pedersen argues that the novel, which refers to battles in its plot, develops a poetics of contingency that makes chance its organizational principle (27). Second, concurrently to its experimentation with a given discourse, negotiates the cultural inf luence of this discourse by challenging the conditions that gave rise to its centrality: within the military discourse also occupies the position of the outsider. It is itself a prism in which the military discourse is broken into the different rays by way of a metareflection on its claims and suppositions (247).The first chapter presents the state of war in the eighteenth century as a catalyst of narratological innovations in the modern novel. Chapter 2 centers on the influence of the state of war on German idealism in challenging Kantian thinking, whose dogmatism appeared to pertain to times of peace. Chapter 3 examines how war provoked skepticism about the ability of the subject to apprehend the empirical world and question the validity of human sensibilities and the effectiveness of human judgment. Chapter 4 seeks to connect emerging pedagogic strands in modernity, such as antidogmatic education tuned toward real-life circumstances, to lessons learned on the battlefield. Chapters 5 and 6 center on changes in cartography in the nineteenth century. They propose that the state of war evinced a new perception of space as territories to be invaded, fought over, and ultimately conquered. Literature radically amends the functional use of objects instrumental for warcraft, as seen in the appearance of maps in literary texts, thereby employing its critical role as an outsider to the discourse on war.War diverges significantly from other ciphers that have been described as important for modernity: war undergirds the perception that disorder is inherent to human existence by challenging the ability of the subject to understand reality. This assumption underlies the book's approach to discourse analysis. author takes issue with Foucault's description of the epistemological disjunction that occurred with the rise of history as a leading paradigm around 1800, which dictated a radical turn from metaphysics to a focus on empirical objects. Reiterating the view of modern epistemology as disrupted, Engberg-Pedersen contends that chance refutes the apprehension of the world through empiricism: The state of war is articulated in a diverse range of forms, materials, and genres that all, with shifting emphases, respond to the disappearance of a secure foundation of knowledge (246). disruption of reality is the logical result of the loss of the ability to make sense of the world altogether. …