Introducing digital industry innovation into the university classroom to enhance students' skills: a mixed-methods study

This study aims to investigate factors that contribute to teacher's behavioral intention to use online communities. To answer the research questions, the survey instrument--The Teacher's Behavioral Intention to Use the Online Community Questionnaire is designed and performed on simple random samples. The collected data is analyzed using descriptive statistics and regression analysis. The results of this study show that all the research hypotheses are supported by regression analysis except for the relationship between Self-efficacy and Attitude; Collective efficacy and Behavioral Intention; Subjective Norm and Behavioral Intention, respectively. Finally, this study raises implications and provides suggestions.

Purpose – This paper aims to examine the user’s willingness of golfers toward the use of GPS navigation based on the technology readiness and acceptance models. Design/methodology/approach – This study developed the research structure based on the theory of the technology acceptance and readiness model to address the relationship between technology readiness, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, user’s attitude and behavioral intention. A purposive sampling questionnaire was used in this study to investigate golf participants in Central Taiwan. In all, 245 copies of the questionnaire were issued. About 240 copies were returned and after removing the invalid copies, there were 230 valid questionnaires for a valid response rate of 95.8 per cent. Findings – The research results indicated that technology readiness has a significant influence on perceived usefulness, technology readiness has a significant influence on perceived ease of use, perceived ease of use has a significant influence on perceived usefulness, perceived usefulness has no significant influence on user’s attitude, perceived ease of use has a significant influence on user’s attitude, user’s attitude has no significant influence on behavioral intention and perceived usefulness has a significant influence on behavioral intention. Originality/value – The technology acceptance model has been widely used to examine user's acceptance and willingness toward computer technology or an information product. This study, hence, is based on this model to investigate the user's willingness of golfers toward golf GPS and shall serve as a reference for future golf sports promotion and device R&D.

Experiential learning (EL) equips students with practical skills and real-world experience essential for professional success. Yet, there is limited research that explores what shapes students’ attitudes and intentions toward EL participation. This study investigates the motivational factors influencing undergraduate business students’ engagement in EL activities. Drawing on the theory of planned behavior and the technology acceptance model, a conceptual model was tested incorporating External Beliefs (Perceived Ease of Use, Perceived Usefulness, Instructor Readiness, Student Readiness, Perceived Self-Efficacy, Learning Relevance, and Learning Motivation), Attitudinal Constructs (Perceived Behavioral Control and Subjective Norms), and Behavioral Intention. Survey data from 194 undergraduate business students were analyzed using structural equation modeling in SmartPLS. Results show that Perceived Usefulness, Student Readiness, Learning Motivation, and Learning Relevance significantly influence Attitude, Subjective Norms, and Perceived Behavioral Control, which in turn predict Behavioral Intention to engage in EL. Conversely, Instructor Readiness and Perceived Ease of Use were not significant predictors. The findings underscore the need to align EL activities with students’ career goals to foster intrinsic motivation, enhance institutional support through resources, and clear communication of EL benefits. This study advances understanding of the behavioral drivers of EL adoption and develops an actionable EL implementation framework for enhancing EL engagement across various educational disciplines. Specifically, we propose seven implementation principles that articulate how a unified approach across students, educators, program directors, industry partners, and the broader academic institution can translate enhancement in EL into practice and strengthen EL integration within higher education curricula.

Many technology acceptance models used in education were originally designed for general technologies and later adopted by education researchers. This study extends Davis' technology acceptance model to specifically evaluate educational technologies in higher education, focusing on virtual classrooms. Prior research informed the construction of the model, which contains perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, behavioural intent, access and convenience, system attributes and self‐efficacy. Education‐specific constructs include cognitive engagement, feedback, instructor practice and class interaction and communication. Additionally, a new construct called comfort and well‐being is introduced. A total of 427 valid responses on a 5‐point Likert scale were received from university students. Exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling were used to analyse the data. The model accounted for 78% of variance of behavioural intent, with comfort and well‐being demonstrating the strongest influence. Cognitive engagement, access and convenience influenced perceived usefulness, and system attributes and self‐efficacy influenced perceived ease of use. Feedback, instructor practice and class interaction and communication were not significant as educational constructs for this cohort. Based on this analysis, a final extended educational technology acceptance model (EETAM) is proposed for further use and testing. Practitioner notes What is already known about this topic Most technology acceptance models used in education were made for general technologies, or do not include factors specific to learning and pedagogy. Most students prefer face‐to‐face learning experiences and active class engagement. Qualitative research shows that instructional attributes and student comfort and well‐being are known to be important for students. What this paper adds A novel extended educational technology acceptance model, informed by prior empirical research, is presented. Confirmation of the importance of including student comfort and well‐being in technology acceptance models used in education. The model revealed the heterogeneous nature of the student learning experience. Implications for practice and research Technology acceptance models used in educational settings should include factors specific for education and learning, and student comfort and well‐being. We encourage use of the presented model in educational settings to further test the model.

Taking the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) as the basis of a theoretical analysis, this study aims to explore the correlations among customers’ behavior intention and system quality, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, attitude toward use, and government subsidy. Whether the government subsidy policy in regard to solar energy this year will have a moderating effect on the attitude toward use and behavior intention is also analyzed. Regular customers nationwide are taken as the research objects. The method of questionnaire was adopted for an empirical study; 400 copies were issued with 345 valid ones collected, reaching a valid response rate of 86.25%. In addition, the research result was analyzed through descriptive statistics, factor analysis, reliability analysis, validity analysis, Structural Equation Models, and regression analysis. And the findings of this study are (1) customers’ behavior intention is influenced significantly by attitude toward use, (2) attitude toward use is influenced significantly by perceived usefulness, and (3) perceived usefulness is influenced significantly by system quality. Besides, the stability of solar electrical power, the guarantee of 20-year span of system durability, and the safety of the installation on roofs are also customer’s main concerns. It is noteworthy that both upgrading personal image of environment protection and creating saving-energy residential surroundings can also exert on influence on customers’ behavior intention and attitude toward use. Currently, customers, however, still don’t know either how to choose the proper solar energy systems or how to effectively evaluate the quality of these systems, indicating that neither place nor convenience of purchasing residential solar energy systems is widespread enough. On the other hand, the more the government subsidy can offer, the greater customers’ behavior intention is to occur. Therefore, for solar energy system producers to cash in on government subsidy to prompt customers to install systems and to help them understand the benefits of the subsidy policy is highly advisable. It is hoped that both customers and producers can go hand-in-hand with the short-, medium-, and long-term government solar energy policies to make Taiwan an exemplary island of harnessing solar energy.

The Effects of Individual-Level Culture and Demographic Characteristics on e-Learning Acceptance in Lebanon and England: A Structural Equation Modelling Approach

With the Internet revolutionising the banking industry, customers nowadays expect much more from their banks, demanding more convenient, flexible, and easy-to-use financial products and services that could not be easily offered by traditional retail banking. Consequently, several new banking applications have emerged in order to cope with this demand, Internet banking (IB), as an example of these applications, is considered to revolutionise the traditional way of thinking about banking services. Despite the potential benefits offered, Jordanian bank customers are reluctant to adopt IB services. In response to this issue, this study aims to enhance the general understanding concerning the factors that affect customers’ adoption of IB in a developing country of the Middle East, namely Jordan, where the results can be also applied to other developing countries in general. The main objective of this research was to investigate factors influencing the adoption of IB services by Jordanians. Two technology acceptance models, namely the Diffusion of Innovations Theory (DIT) developed by Rogers (1983), and the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) developed by Davis (1989), were integrated with external variables in order to synthesize a new exploratory model; the synthesized model was then tested empirically for its predictive power. Two data collection phases were utilised: (1) quantitative data was collected in the first phase to test the research model and confirm related hypotheses using a survey questionnaire (463 respondents); and (2) qualitative data was gathered in the second phase via a semi-structured interview exercise (six participants). This phase was incorporated in order to explore bank customers’ perceptions of IB influencing factors identified in the first phase, and to provide further confirmation for the research model and hypotheses. Results showed that eight factors directly determine customer intentions to adopt IB services. Those factors are: perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, trialability, compatibility, observability-result demonstrability, innovativeness, government support, and information about Internet banking. Accessibility and perceived financial cost were found not to be direct predictors of intention; however, the latter has emerged to affect intention indirectly through perceived ease of use. While results indicated that personal innovativeness was found to be the most influential predictor of intention to use IB, both directly and indirectly through perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use, perceived financial cost was the least influential factor to affect intention since it only exhibited indirect influence through perceived ease of use. Gender, age, education, occupation, and income, all proved to be influential in determining customers’ intentions to use IB services. Moreover, results revealed that users of IB were significantly different from non-users in terms of their attitudes relating to all investigated variables. Overall, the results of the current study showed that the proposed model has a good explanatory power and is therefore robust in predicting customers’ intentions to adopt IB in the Middle East and in other developing countries in general. This research contributes to the identification theory and practice of technology acceptance for Internet banking in five ways. Filling the gap in IB adoption literature in developing countries through examining the factors that might impede or encourage the adoption of these services among customers; developing and validating an integrated technology acceptance with a good explanatory power in predicting and explaining the potential users’ behavioural intentions towards technology adoption in non-Western contexts; developing a valid and reliable instrument to measure individuals’ intentions to use IT innovations; providing valuable insights into how to enhance customers’ acceptance of IB services in a developing country context by indicating the relative importance of the identified influencing factors and providing a set of specific strategies in a form of practical recommendations designed to overcome the low adoption rate of IB in developing countries.

This study investigated the e-Government initiatives in developing countries and analysed Bahrain’s government stance through a case study where the e-Government system is considered as a core strategy. This research therefore sought to address citizens and expatriates' adoption of e-Government services in Bahrain as one of developing countries, which has spent millions of dollars to launch the e-Government initiative, in order to meet the strategic objectives of Bahrain’s government vision 2030. The study included an empirical study using exploratory method to comprehend how citizens/expatriates of Bahrain accept the e-Government service, and evaluated the factors influenced users to adopt this new technology (i.e. e-Service). The research also examined the two aspects of the e-Government services and their stakeholders, including users and service providers. Through a descriptive study, this qualitative case study methodology was conducted via an interview with a key official in the e-Government authority in Bahrain, and the focus group with four specialists in e-Government systems, to determine the e-Government’s usability from the implementation aspects. The quantitative method, on the other hand, was implemented through questionnaires with both citizens and expatriates to determine the e-Government’s usability from the adoption aspects in Bahrain. The extended technology acceptance model (TAM) was used as predictive modelling and a technique for analysing results of the user survey. The newly developed conceptual model via a structural analysis indicated that citizens and expatriates in Bahrain are willing to accept and use the e-Government system, and it is the most determinant methods of peoples' intention with the system. However, the research indicated there are some issues related to the trust and cultural constructs that need to be addressed by the government based on the attitude of citizens and expatriates determined toward Behaviour Intention (BI) directly, and through the perceived usefulness and ease of use. The research indicated the common factors influence e-Government's adoption from both demand and supply aspects in Bahrain, and the best solutions proposed by the respondents. The conclusion of this study based on the findings comprised of a conceptual framework that explained why the citizens and expatriates' adoption of e-Government services as the core strategic enabler to Bahrain's vision 2030.

QRIS (Quick Response Code Indonesian Standard) is a combination of various types of QR from various Payment System Service Providers (PJSP) that are used to make non-cash payments via QR-Code. The research objective is to explain the effect of perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use on behavioral intention and actual system use which is part of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). This type of research is quantitative and carried out using the non-probability sampling method by giving questionnaires to 112 MSME culinary respondents in Pekanbaru City. The data analysis method used in this study is SEM-PLS (Structural Equation Model - Partial Least Squares). The results of this study indicate that perceived usefulness has a positive and significant effect on actual system use, perceived usefulness has a positive and significant effect on behavioral intention, Perceived Ease of Use has a positive and significant effect on perceived usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use has a positive and significant effect actual system use, Perceived Ease of Use has a positive and significant effect on behavioral intention, behavioral intention has a positive and significant effect actual system use. Abstrak QRIS (Quick Response Code Indonesian Standard) adalah penggabungan berbagai macam QR dari berbagai Penyelenggara Jasa Sistem Pembayaran (PJSP) yang digunakan untuk melakukan pembayaran non-tunai melalui QR-Code. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk menjelaskan pengaruh perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use terhadap behavioral intention dan actual system use yang merupakan bagian dari Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). Jenis penelitian ini adalah kuantitatif dilakukan dengan metode Nonprobability sampling dengan cara memberikan kuesioner kepada 112 responden UMKM kuliner di Kota Pekanbaru. Metode analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah menggunakan SEM-PLS (Structural Equation Model - Partial Least Squares). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa perceived usefulness berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap actual system use, perceived usefulness berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap behavioral intention, perceived ease of use berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap actual system use, perceived ease of use berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap behavioral intention, behavioral intention berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap actual system use.

Using the technology acceptance model (TAM) as the basic theory, this study referred to relevant literature and proposed extension variables to examine the influences of computer self-efficacy, perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, subjective norms, and attitude, on the behavioral intentions of people who use educational Web sites. We conducted a survey using a self-designed questionnaire, and 248 valid questionnaires were collected. The obtained data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the Pearson correlation, and path analysis. The results indicate that learners should improve their computer operation abilities prior to attempting to utilize educational Web sites because this can enhance perceived ease of use. Perceived ease of use can affect perceived usefulness and influence a learner’s attitudes and behavioral intentions. The opinions of critical reference groups can encourage people to use educational Web sites, but learners’ experiences and perceptions regarding these sites are more influential. Therefore, experiential learning, in addition to promotion, is a method by which people can be encouraged to learn with educational Web sites in the future.

Background Emergent and disruptive technologies such as augmented reality (AR) and head-mounted display (HMD) have not been explored in the context of pharmacy to date despite the potential benefits for the use of these technologies. Patient counselling could be potentially be modulated to better reflect their level of health literacy and the standardisation of the counselling given to each patient. Further benefits may also be seen with the continual education of pharmacists who use the HMD-AR warfarin counselling guide, as pharmacists have been found to favour interactive forms of continuing education. For this reason, a previously validated educational framework was used for the development of the HMD-AR warfarin counselling guide, the mobile augmented reality education (MARE) design framework. The acceptance of the HMD-AR warfarin counselling guide was gauged using the previously validated e-learning technology acceptance model (TAM). The use of TAM gives significant insight into participants perceived ease of use (PEU), perceived usefulness (PU) and their behavioural intention (BI) which correlate highly to actual use of technology being tested. Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study was to develop and test acceptance of a counselling tool for the drug warfarin using both HMD and AR (HMD-AR warfarin counselling guide). The objectives of this study were to (i) conduct background literature research prior to the developments of the HMD-AR warfarin counselling guide, followed by a (ii) pilot study with 7 Griffith University School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology academic staff. Use pilot study feedback to (iii) redevelop the HMD-AR warfarin counselling guide as well as the accompanying adapted TAM survey. Conduct a (iv) larger mixed method cohort study with a pre- and post-test with 40 Australian registered pharmacists. Methods: The HMD-AR warfarin counselling guide was developed in the same documented way as MARE framework. TAM was assessed in the post-test on a five-point Likert scale. The redeveloped HMD-AR warfarin counselling guide used in the larger cohort of 40 pharmacists to gauge acceptance of the redeveloped HMD-AR warfarin counselling guide. Descriptive statistics, two-tailed Spearman’s rank analysis, Wilcoxon signed rank test and qualitative analysis were then utilised. A pre-and post-test assessment was conducted on participants willingness to use technology and the usefulness of HMD-AR warfarin counselling guide. Results and Discussion: It was shown that even though overall each construct of TAM had an average positive result, this fluctuated. PEU was shown to be the best performing construct with an average score of 1.68 on a five-point Likert scale, while BI showed the lowest average score of 2.74. Spearman rank analysis showed the pre-test question regarding usefulness of the HMD-AR warfarin counselling guide was associated with the post-test statements for PU, AT, BI and SN. Wilcoxon signed rank analysis showed both the post-test additional question for usefulness of the HMD-AR warfarin counselling guide (p= 0.005) and willingness to use technology normally (p= 0.025) had declined compared to the same questions in the pre-test. Qualitative feedback was coded to form three major categories which were then split into two sub-categories each. This qualitative feedback showed a negative perception most participants towards the HMD-AR warfarin counselling guide, some praise was seen for the content and potential of the counselling guide itself however. This study was able to document the early acceptance of the HMD-AR warfarin counselling guide with the use of 40 recruited pharmacists. Expectations were higher prior to use of the HMD-AR but dropped after participants trialled the HMD-AR warfarin counselling guide. Perceptions regarding the HMD-AR technology incorporated into this device were more negative compared to the content and information of the counselling guide. This may have influenced the BI construct having a near neutral on average response from participants, this indicated a possible reluctance for actual use of the HMD-AR warfarin counselling guide in practice. This was despite other constructs of TAM like PEU having a more positive average score indicating participants found the HMD-AR warfarin counselling guide easy to use. Conclusion: This study was successful in developing the HMD-AR warfarin counselling guide and testing for acceptance. Current technology available fell below expectations of usefulness for most participants. Future applications of this technology could mean the use of HMD-AR technology for other drugs. Further research would need to be conducted on a larger sample of participants from more diverse professional backgrounds in order further understand acceptance.

With the advancement of information and technology, virtual and remote laboratories have become supplementary or extra tools for hands-on biology laboratories. In this study, we modified the technology acceptance model to incorporate three additional external variables derived from flow theory in predicting students' acceptance and use of virtual and remote laboratories. This research included 145 college students. These students used virtual and remote laboratories for at least three months. The learning subjects in this research are deoxyribonucleic acid extraction, polymerase chain reaction, gel electrophoresis, deoxyribonucleic acid microarray, and flow cytometry. Using SPSS 25.0, a multiple regression analysis was performed to test the structural model hypothesis. This study validated the association between the basic variables used in the technology acceptance model: perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, attitudes toward using, behavioral intention, and actual use. There were no surprising discoveries for the technology acceptance model's primary variables. Concentration and perceived enjoyment in the flow theory variables have an extensive relationship with the technology acceptance model variables, perceived usefulness, and perceived ease of use. Meanwhile, one flow theory variable, time distortion, exhibits no significant relationship with perceived usefulness or ease of use. Abstrak: Laboratorium virtual dan jarak jauh menjadi tren yang dimanfaatkan sebagai alat bantu praktikum biologi. Kami memodifikasi model penerimaan teknologi dalam penelitian ini dengan memasukkan tiga variabel eksternal tambahan yang berasal dari teori flow dalam memprediksi bagaimana mahasiswa menerima dan menggunakan laboratorium virtual dan jarak jauh. Penelitian melibatkan 145 mahasiswa. Para mahasiswa ini telah menggunakan laboratorium virtual dan jarak jauh setidaknya tiga bulan. Materi pembelajaran penelitian ini adalah ekstraksi asam deoksiribonukleat (DNA), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), gel electrophoresis, deoxyribonucleic acid microarray, dan flow cytometry. Hubungan antara variabel dasar yang digunakan dalam technology acceptance model yaitu kemudahan penggunaan yang dirasakan (perceived ease of use), kebergunaan yang dirasakan (perceived usefulness), sikap (attitudes toward using), niat perilaku (behavioral intention), dan penggunaan sebenarnya (actual use) divalidasi dalam penelitian ini. Data yang terkumpul dianalisis regresi berganda dengan bantuan SPSS 25. Tidak ada penemuan mengejutkan untuk variabel utama technology acceptance model. Variabel konsentrasi (concentration) dan kesenangan yang dirasakan (perceived enjoyment) pada teori flow memiliki hubungan yang signifikan dengan variabel technology acceptance model, kebergunaan yang dirasakan dan kemudahan penggunaan yang dirasakan. Sedangkan satu variabel teori flow, distorsi waktu (time distortion) tidak menunjukkan hubungan yang signifikan dengan kebergunaan yang dirasakan atau kemudahan penggunaan yang dirasakan.

Teknologi dalam melakukan pembayaran secara non-tunai sudah banyak diterapkan dengan menganalisis penerimaan pengguna terhadap GoPay sebagai sistem pembayaran elektronik dengan menggunakan Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). GoPay adalah salah satu layanan pembayaran elektronik yang populer di Indonesia. Namun, meskipun popularitasnya, masih ada faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi penerimaan pengguna terhadap sistem ini. Dalam penelitian ini, penulis mengadopsi Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) sebagai kerangka teoritis. TAM adalah model yang telah terbukti digunakan dalam banyak penelitian untuk memahami penerimaan pengguna terhadap teknologi. Model ini terdiri 5 konstruk, yaitu Persepsi Kegunaan (Perceived Usefulness), Persepsi Kemudahan Penggunaan (Perceived Ease of Use) Sikap Penggunaan (Attitude Toward of Using), Minat Perilaku (Behavioral intention),Pengguna Sesungguhnya (Actual Use). Dengan menggunakan Google Form untuk media penyebaran kuesioner nya. Peneliti mengambil sampel sebanyak 90 orang mahasisiwa yang menggunakan Gopay sebagai sistem pembayaran elektronik. Dengan menggunakan perhitungan TAM, kita dapat bahwa setiap variable TAM berpengaruh postif terhadap Pengguna Sesungguhnya (Actual Use). Technology in making non-cash payments has been widely applied by analyzing user acceptance of GoPay as an electronic payment system using the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). GoPay is one of the most popular electronic payment services in Indonesia. However, despite its popularity, there are still factors that influence user acceptance of this system. In this study, the authors adopt the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) as a theoretical framework. TAM is a proven model used in many studies to understand user acceptance of technology. This model consists of 5 constructs, namely Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, Attitude Toward of Using, Behavioral intention, Actual Use. By using Google Form as a medium for distributing questionnaires. Researchers took a sample of 90 students who used Gopay as an electronic payment system. By using TAM calculations, we can find that each TAM variable has a positive effect on Actual Use.

The study builds on a newly modified Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) to substantiate the motivation and operation of teachers' utilization of online learning resources. A `Comprehensiveness' construct is proposed in the modified TAM to reflect the breadth and depth of rich online knowledge. This new construct serves as the mediator between `Usefulness' and `Behavioral Intention' in the new TAM structure. In addition, the `Ease of Use' factor in conventional TAM is proposed to moderate the mediation in the modified TAM. Survey data are collected from 301 teachers undertaking certified training in Macau and Structural Equation Model (SEM) technique is used to assess the model. Moderated mediation is evaluated using both multi-group bootstrapping method and moderated path analysis method. Both methods verify the presence of moderated mediation with partial mediation in high Ease of Use values and full mediation in low Ease of Use values. Theoretical implication of the current study extends the coverage of TAM applications and academic implication suggests the strengthening in teachers' professional development and government sponsorship in building repositories of online resources.

This research was purposed to explore the behavioral expression for university students' participation of tennis sports by using the ”Perceived Playfulness” added by the framework of TAM Theory (Technology Acceptance Model;). The mechanism to change students' individual sports behaviors should be understood. In this research, the purposive sampling was implemented and respondent subjects were selected among the students from 5 mid-Taiwan universities. After questionnaire analysis was completed, the researcher had collected 476 valid replies. The LISREL 8.52 Linear Analysis was applied to process the analysis. The final results showed that perceived playfulness caused negative influence on behavioral attitude, but showed positive influence on behavioral intention. However, through behavioral attitude, it caused indirect negative influence on behavioral intention. Perceived usefulness caused positive influence on behavioral attitude but showed negative influence on behavioral intention. Perceived ease of use caused positive influence on behavioral attitude. Behavioral attitude positively affected behavioral intention. Perceived use of ease and perceived usefulness caused indirect influence on behavioral intention through behavioral attitude. Finally, the discussion was made in accordance with the research results. The theories and applicable meanings, together with the suggestions to physical education units and upcoming researches, were also proposed.