Abstract
The objective of this research is to introduce the behavior of non-verbal features of e-Learners in the virtual learning environment to establish a fair representation of the real user by an avatar who represents the e-Learner in the virtual environment and to distinguish the deportment of the non-verbal features during the virtual learning session. The eye blink and the head pose, which can be considered as important non-verbal cues are detected by using a web-camera utilizing mainly the geometric method. Then the detected non-verbal cues are transferred to the virtual environment. When the e-Learner blinks eyes or/and moves his/her head, the movements are appeared in the virtual environment through an identical avatar. The result of the experiment depicts that the avatar appearance which can detect the real user non-verbal behavior has got a notable impact on the viewers’ impression. In addition to that, the successful establishment of the real user’s non-verbal behavior in the virtual environment enhances the effectiveness of the communication since avatar is able to facilitate the fair representation to the real user with visualizing the real user non-verbal behavior in the virtual environment. The analysis of the non-verbal behavior during the virtual learning activity specified that the eye blinking rate has decreased by 35% during the problem based learning session than the relaxing time in virtual learning due to low stress level, attractive environment and visual fixation. Furthermore, results demonstrate that there is a relationship between the internal statuses of an e- Lerner with the rate of eye blinking.
Highlights
Educational systems are looking for e-Learning programs to address the challenges in the current traditional education system such as poor quality, high cost and limited access (Carol, 2005)
The objective of this research is to introduce the behavior of non-verbal features of e-Learners in the virtual learning environment to establish a fair representation of the real user by an avatar who represents the e-Learner in the virtual environment and to distinguish the deportment of the non-verbal features during the virtual learning session
The eye blink and the head pose of a real user are detected from a web-camera utilizing the geometric method and non-verbal information are transferred to the virtual learning environment
Summary
Based on the previous findings, the mean rate of the eye blink was 17 blinks per minute, during a conversation, it has increased to 26, and it was as low as 4.5 while reading. When the eyes blink frequency increases, students become more nervous and more careless (Dharmawansa, Nakahira, & Fukumura, 2013). Another researcher reported a significant increase in eye blink frequency when subjects were required to solve anagrams than when resting. Tasks involving speech or memory increase the blink rate, while those required visual fixation reduce the blink rate (Bentivoglio, Bressman, & Cassetta, 1997; Recarte, Perez, Conchillo, & Nunes, 2008). The eye blink rate depends on the activity that he/she engages and it can be utilized as a measurement of the individual behavior in a group activity based on the historical evidences
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