Abstract
Dengue fever is an Aedes mosquito-borne illness caused by any one of the four different dengue virus (DENV) serotypes (1–4) and manifests in the form of symptoms ranging from mild or asymptomatic to severe disease with vascular leakage, leading to shock, and viral hemorrhagic syndrome. Increased risk of severe disease occurs during secondary infection with a virus serotype distinct from that of prior dengue infection. This occurs by antibody dependent enhancement (ADE) of infection, wherein sub-neutralizing antibodies against the virus particles opsonize dengue virus entry via formation of immune complexes that interact with fragment crystallizable gamma receptors (FcγR) on monocytes, dendritic cells, and macrophages. The ADE phenomenon has two components: Extrinsic and Intrinsic ADE. While extrinsic ADE contributes to enhanced virus entry, intrinsic ADE results in heightened virus production by inhibition of type1 interferon and activation of interleukin-10 biosynthesis, thereby favoring a Th2 type immune response. Intrinsic ADE has greater contribution in enhancing Dengue replication as compared to extrinsic ADE. Detailed elucidation of intrinsic ADE during secondary dengue infection can increase our understanding of DENV-pathogenesis and aid in the development of host-targeting antivirals. Here we review literature focusing on intrinsic factors contributing to severe dengue pathology and suggest possible avenues for further research.
Highlights
Dengue fever results from infection with any of the four dengue virus (DENV) serotypes via the bite of infected Aedes sp. mosquitoes
As opposed to canonical dengue infections, entry of antibody-opsonized DENV during antibody dependent enhancement (ADE) is thought to occur via a phagocytosis-like pathway (Ayala-Nunez et al, 2016) via the cross-linking of activating FcγR present on the surface of monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells
Gaining better insights at the genomic level is imperative to truly understand the intrinsic manipulation of host immune responses during dengue ADE. This may be achieved with the use of Genome wide CRISPR/cas9 screens in myeloid cell lines
Summary
Dengue fever results from infection with any of the four DENV serotypes via the bite of infected Aedes sp. mosquitoes. These sub-neutralizing antibodies in turn aid in ADE of dengue infection by catalyzing virus entry via interactions with FcγR on the cell surface (Wilder-Smith et al, 2019).
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