Abstract
OPIOIDS are the cornerstone of moderate to severe acute postoperative pain treatment, particularly when the patient is not a candidate for a regional analgesic technique (such as continuous epidural analgesia or peripheral nerve blockade) or is unresponsive to other (nonopioid) analgesics. Adverse effects of opioids, however, often present a major barrier to achieving excellent analgesia. In a systematic review examining opioid-associated adverse effects in postoperative patients, approximately 30% of patients reported an adverse gastrointestinal (nausea, vomiting, ileus, constipation) or central nervous system (sedation, somnolence) effect.
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