Abstract
Utricularia amethystina Salzm. ex A.St.-Hil. & Girard (Lentibulariaceae) is a highly polymorphic carnivorous plant taxonomically rearranged many times throughout history. Herein, the complete chloroplast genomes (cpDNA) of three U. amethystina morphotypes: purple-, white-, and yellow-flowered, were sequenced, compared, and putative markers for systematic, populations, and evolutionary studies were uncovered. In addition, RNA-Seq and RNA-editing analysis were employed for functional cpDNA evaluation. The cpDNA of three U. amethystina morphotypes exhibits typical quadripartite structure. Fine-grained sequence comparison revealed a high degree of intraspecific genetic variability in all morphotypes, including an exclusive inversion in the psbM and petN genes in U. amethystina yellow. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that U. amethystina morphotypes are monophyletic. Furthermore, in contrast to the terrestrial Utricularia reniformis cpDNA, the U. amethystina morphotypes retain all the plastid NAD(P)H-dehydrogenase (ndh) complex genes. This observation supports the hypothesis that the ndhs in terrestrial Utricularia were independently lost and regained, also suggesting that different habitats (aquatic and terrestrial) are not related to the absence of Utricularia ndhs gene repertoire as previously assumed. Moreover, RNA-Seq analyses recovered similar patterns, including nonsynonymous RNA-editing sites (e.g., rps14 and petB). Collectively, our results bring new insights into the chloroplast genome architecture and evolution of the photosynthesis machinery in the Lentibulariaceae.
Highlights
The species of the carnivorous plant family Lentibulariaceae are grouped in three genera: PinguiculaL., Genlisea A.St-Hil., and Utricularia L. [1,2], and are increasingly becoming important plant models mainly due to their alternative nutrient uptake system, their morphological non-orthodox bodyInt
Foliosa Kamieński, showing common morphological characteristics making it easy to distinguish from other Utricularia sections due to its connate bracts and bracteoles, which is the singular morphology of utricles, and the dorsoventrally and bivalvate dehiscence
A total of 2,873,574 million paired-end reads were generated of all Utricularia amethystina morphotypes
Summary
The species of the carnivorous plant family Lentibulariaceae are grouped in three genera: PinguiculaL., Genlisea A.St-Hil., and Utricularia L. [1,2], and are increasingly becoming important plant models mainly due to their alternative nutrient uptake system, their morphological non-orthodox bodyInt. The species of the carnivorous plant family Lentibulariaceae are grouped in three genera: Pinguicula. [1,2], and are increasingly becoming important plant models mainly due to their alternative nutrient uptake system, their morphological non-orthodox body. 2019, 20, 6130; doi:10.3390/ijms20246130 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijms the savannas, swamps, and soil between rocks usually near streams, rivers, and waterfalls. The species is classified in the Utricularia sect. Foliosa Kamieński, showing common morphological characteristics making it easy to distinguish from other Utricularia sections due to its connate bracts and bracteoles, which is the singular morphology of utricles (carnivorous traps), and the dorsoventrally and bivalvate dehiscence.
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